Bruegel Working Papers

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2026: European Union capital requirements on megabanks- the low road or the high road

Juan Mejino-López and Nicolas Véron

2026: Artificial-intelligence competition in Europe- the role of DMA Article 6(7)

Fiona M. Scott Morton

2026: Progress made by EU candidate countries on accession-related reforms

Marek Dabrowski and Maria Catarina Louro

2026: To what extent can green infrastructure investment mitigate China’s clean-energy overcapacity?

Alicia García-Herrero and Haoxin Mu

2026: When oil is scarce and debt is binding- policy sequencing under a severe energy supply shock

Gene Frieda

2026: Between values and interests- drivers of EU aid

Anna Bahí, Roel Dom, Niclas Poitiers and Camille Reverdy

2026: How do trade restrictiveness and trade policy uncertainty affect FDI? An empirical investigation

Hites Ahir, Luca Bettarelli, Davide Furceri, Francesco Frangiamore, Jonathan Ostry and Francesco Scianna

2026: Size versus allocation in capital market development- evidence from pension funds and insurance companies

Marie-Sophie Lappe and David Pinkus

2026: Defence innovation and procurement reform- an empirical evaluation of the US Defense Innovation Unit

Ethan Kapstein, Javier Ospital and Guntram Wolff

2026: Challenges to the integration of the Western Balkans into European Union supply chains

Madalena Barata da Rocha, Niclas Poitiers and Nina Vujanović

2026: Who controls the defence industry?

Marco Becht, Juan Mejino-López and Guntram Wolff

2026: The European Union’s external imbalances- past, future and policy

Zsolt Darvas, Costanza Greppi Maturana, Alexandre Mendonça, Camille Reverdy, Bo Sangers and Jeromin Zettelmeyer

2026: Debt sustainability in Japan and the case for a fiscal council

Tomomi Miyazaki, Marie-Sophie Lappe and Roel Dom

2026: Carbon pricing beyond borders- assessing climate policy spillovers from the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism

Anna Bahí, Maximilian Fuchs and Camille Reverdy

2026: Investing for tomorrow- long-term investment, economic scale and the green transition

Philip Ushchev and Guntram Wolff

2026: Tackling India's jobs plight- underutilised levers and lessons from China

Alicia García-Herrero and Rajeswari Sengupta

2026: Europeans should be allowed to trade personal data

Paul Heidhues, Nick Jacobson, Giorgio Monti and Fiona M. Scott Morton

2026: Growth without profits- how will ‘involution’ in China end?

Alicia García-Herrero and Jianwei Xu

2025: The Western Balkan energy sector- between Russia, the European Union and the green transition

Nina Vujanovic, Rouven Stubbe and Maria Catarina Louro

2025: How resilient is Russia’s economy after four years of war?

Marek Dabrowski

2025: The European Union and the war in Ukraine- more money, but not more Europe

Jacob Funk Kirkegaard

2025: The challenge of AI encroachment into online search and advertising

Bertin Martens

2025: Shifting priorities, slow progress- an analysis of EU tax recommendations

Roel Dom, Costanza Greppi Maturana and Pascal Saint-Amans

2025: What will it take to stabilise debt in advanced countries?

Zsolt Darvas, Gonzalo Huertas, Lennard Welslau and Jeromin Zettelmeyer

2025: Understanding US foreign military sales globally since 2008- an analysis of a new dataset

Juan Mejino-López, Javier Ospital and Guntram Wolff

2025: Gender wealth inequality in the European Union- a distributional perspective

Zsolt Darvas and Nina Ruer

2025: Tariffs, deals and multilateral ideals- can the World Trade Organization survive?

Petros C. Mavroidis

2025: The macroeconomic impact of ageing, EU immigration policy and pension expenditures

David Pinkus and Jacob Funk Kirkegaard

2025: European exports in geopolitical storms

Niclas Poitiers, Madalena Barata da Rocha and Nicolas Boivin

2025: COVID-19’s economic impact on low-income countries- preparing for the next shock

Niclas Poitiers and Costanza Greppi Maturana

2025: Advantages and pitfalls of green public procurement as a European strategic tool

Marie-Sophie Lappe and Francesco Nicoli

2025: Climate risks to global supply chains

Madalena Barata da Rocha, Heather Grabbe and Niclas Poitiers

2025: Migration flows from the Western Balkans to Germany- implications and recommendations

Nina Ruer and Nina Vujanovic

2025: Economic development, carbon emissions and climate policies

Luca Bettarelli, Davide Furceri, Prakash Loungani, Jonathan Ostry and Loredana Pisano

2025: Plugging Europe’s investment gap- understanding the potential of leveraging institutional investors

Marie-Sophie Lappe and David Pinkus

2025: Measuring GDP at risk in the low-carbon transition

Dirk Schoenmaker and Willem Schramade

2025: The European single market- restarting the perpetual revolution

Roel Dom and Niclas Poitiers

2025: European companies operating in China- from digging in to rethinking their presence

Alicia García-Herrero, Théo Storella and Jianwei Xu

2025: European export finance needs a reboot

Conor McCaffrey and Niclas Poitiers

2025: How can Europe’s nuclear deterrence trilemma be resolved?

Andrea Gilli and Francesco Nicoli

2025: Implementing the EU Nature Restoration Law- exploring pathways for member states

Heather Grabbe, Bas Heerma van Voss, Camille Mehlbaum and Sjoerd van der Zwaag

2025: Intra-Western Balkans dynamics- stocktaking and ways ahead

Armin Steinbach, Nina Vujanovic and Anna Fiore

2025: India-China rapprochement- what are the long-term prospects?

Nayanima Basu and Alicia García-Herrero

2025: Which companies are ahead in frontier innovation on critical technologies? Comparing China, the European Union and the United States

Alicia García-Herrero, Michal Krystyanczuk and Robin Schindowski

2025: Radical novelties in critical technologies and spillovers- how do China, the US and the EU fare?

Alicia García-Herrero, Michal Krystyanczuk and Robin Schindowski

2025: Sovereigns on thinning ice- debt sustainability, climate impacts and adaptation

Matteo Calcaterra, Andrea Consiglio, Vincenzo Martorana, Massimo Tavoni and Stavros Zenios

2025: Lessons for the European Central Bank from the 2021-2023 inflationary episode

Pablo Hernández de Cos

2025: The quickly fading memory of why and when bank capital is important

Jesper Berg, Nicolas Boivin and Hans Geeroms

2025: Dilemmas for the EU in deficit-financing of defence expenditure and maintenance of fiscal discipline

Lucio Pench

2025: Gender diversity and economic growth

Jonathan Ostry

2025: Are bad governments a threat to sovereign defaults? The effects of political risk on debt sustainability

Samantha Ajovalasit, Andrea Consiglio, Giovanni Pagliardi and Stavros Zenios