Women's Education and Fertility in Italy at the Onset of the Demographic Transition

Carlo Ciccarelli and Gianni Marciante
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Carlo Ciccarelli : University of Rome Tor Vergata
Gianni Marciante: University of Bologna

CAGE Online Working Paper Series from Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy (CAGE)

Abstract: The role of womens education in driving the historical fertility transition remains poorly understood. Existing studies have focused on France, an early outlier, or on Prussia before the onset of its demographic transition. Less is known about the context where this effect is expected to be strongest: the onset of the transition in late transitioning countries. This paper fills this gap by studying the impact of womens education on fertility in Italy (1881 to 1921). Using original district level panel data, we exploit the interaction between proximity to the first female teacher training colleges opened under the Casati Law of 1859 and time fixed effects as an instrumental variable. IV estimates confirm a negative effect of education on fertility, operating through health knowledge and the economic independence that female teachers embodied.

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Date: 2026
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