Bank of Estonia Working Papers

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Estonia bld. 13, 15095 Tallinn, ESTONIA.
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wp2025-09: What is consumer confidence?

Jean-Paul L’Huillier, Robert Waldmann and Donghoon Yoo

wp2025-08: The effects of macroeconomic and budget balance shocks on public debt trajectories in the Euro area

Olegs Tkacevs and Karsten Staehr

wp2025-07: Unravelling the overlooked dimension: wealth inequality at the household vs individual level

Jaanika Merikyll and Tairi Room

wp2025-06: The effects of public debt on public and private interest rates in the euro area

Gerda Kirpson and Karsten. Staehr

wp2025-05: Monetary policy and earnings inequality.Inflation dependencies

Jaanika Merikyll and Matthias Rottner

wp2025-04: The impact of early pension withdrawals on household finances and inflation

Jaanika Merikyll

wp2025-03: How the large-scale early withdrawals from private pension plans were used: insights from young adults

Triin Bulõgina and Merike Kukk

wp2025-02: Is there club convergence in the European housing markets?

Fabio Canova and Natalia Levenko

wp2025-01: Determinants of Non-Performing Loans: An Empirical Analysis Across Major Sectors

Nicolas Reigl

wp2024-7: Consumer inflation expectations before and after the 2022 inflation spike: the role of perceived and realised inflation

Gerda Kirpson

wp2024-06: Consumer price rigidity in the Baltic states during periods of low and high inflation

Alari Paulus

wp2024-6: Consumer price rigidity in the Baltic states during periods of low and high inflation

Ludmila Fadejeva, Valentin Jovanceau and Alari Paulus

wp2024-5: Productivity-enhancing reallocation during the Covid-19 pandemic

Tibor Lalinsky, Jaanika Merikyll and Paloma Lopez-Garcia

wp2024-4: Wealth disparities between elderly immigrants and natives: a study of Estonia and Latvia

Liina Rebane, Merike Kukk and Tairi Rõõm

wp2024-3: Central bank stabilisation policy when capital flows matter:instruments, targets, and trade-offs

Alfred Guender

wp2024-2: Monetary policy transmission in different credit markets

Natalia Levenko

wp2024-1: The transmission of trade shocks across countries: firm-level evidence from the Covid-19 crisis

Konstantins Benkovskis, Jaanika Meriküll and Aurelija Proškute

wp2023-7: Beyond the Headline: How Personal Exposure to Inflation Shapes the Financial Choices of Households

Merike Kukk and Jan Toczynski

wp2023-6: The natural rate of unemployment in Estonia: empirical determinants and a new semi-structural model

Dmitry Kulikov and Nicolas Reigl

wp2023-5: Income expectations, risk attitudes and household borrowing decisions

Eva Branten

wp2023-4: Measuring the effects of borrower-based policies on new housing loans in Estonia

Merike Kukk, Natalia Levenko and Nicolas Reigl

wp2023-3: Fiscal performance under inflation and inflation surprises: evidence from fiscal reaction functions for the Euro Area

Karsten Staehr, Olegs Tkacevs and Katri Urke

wp2023-2: Economic growth and military expenditure in the countries on NATOʼs Eastern flank in 1999–2021

Łukasz Olejnik

wp2023-1: Economic Growth, Current Account Dynamics and Growth Regimes in the Baltic States

Karsten Staehr

wp2022-7: Interest rate spreads in Estonia: different stories for different types of loan

Merike Kukk and Natalia Levenko

wp2022-6: Macroeconomic news and sovereign interest rate spreads before and during Quantitative Easing

Gerda Kirpson, Martti Randveer, Nicolas Reigl, Karsten Staehr and Lenno Uusküla

wp2022-5: Were jobs saved at the cost of productivity in the Covid-19 crisis ?

Jaanika Merikyll and Alari Paulus

wp2022-4: Credit market concentration and systemic risk in Europe

Merike Kukk, Alari Paulus and Nicolas Reigl

wp2022-3: The European Structural and Investment Funds and Public Investment in the EU Countries

Karsten Staehr and Katri Urke

wp2022-2: Business investment, the user cost of capital and firm heterogeneity

Alari Paulus

wp2022-1: Financial Transaction Tax, macroeconomic effects and tax competition issues: a two-country financial DSGE model

Olivier Damette, Karolina Sobczak and Thierry Betti

wp2021-7: Tax compliance in post-transition: You and your friends matter, not the government

Natalia Levenko and Karsten Staehr

wp2021-6: Trade effects of a negative export shock on direct exporters and wholesalers

Mathias Juust

wp2021-5: The role of risk attitudes and expectations in household borrowing in Estonia

Eva Brandten

wp2021-4: The gap that survived the transition: the gender wage gap over three decades in Estonia

Jaanika Meriküll and Marina Tverdostup

wp2021-3: The asymmetric effect of monetary policy on European financial markets

Anita Suurlaht

wp2021-2: Expectational errors and business cycle fluctuations in Europe

Nicolas Reigl

wp2021-1: House price misalignments and economic growth in Europe

Juan Cuestas, Merike Kukk and Natalia Levenko

wp2020-8: The gender gap in pension wealth in Europe: Evidence from twenty countries

Tairi Rõõm and Orsolya Soosaar

wp2020-7: The gender wealth gap in Europe: A comparative study using a model averaging methodology

Merike Kukk, Jaanika Merikyll and Tairi Rõõm

wp2020-6: Alternative financing and the non-performing loans of the corporate sector in Estonia

Merike Kukk and Natalia Levenko

wp2020-5: Macroeconomic expectations: news sentiment analysis

Nataliia Ostapenko

wp2020-4: Export performance and capacity pressures in Central and Eastern Europe

Karsten Staehr

wp2020-3: Does raising the pension age prolong working life? Evidence from pension age reform in Estonia

Orsolya Soosaar, Allan Puur and Lauri Leppik

wp2020-2: Elevated survey uncertainty after the Great Recession: a non-linear approach

Natalia Levenko

wp2020-1: Joint and individual savings within families: evidence from bank accounts

Merike Kukk and W. Fred van Raaij

wp2019-9: The effects on growth of El Nino and La Nina:local weather conditions matter

Remi Generoso, Cécile Couharde and Olivier Damette

wp2019-8: Inflation expectations in Phillips Curves models for the euro area

Dmitry Kulikov and Nicolas Reigl

wp2019-07: On the evolution of competitiveness in Central and Eastern Europe: is it broken?

Juan Cuestas

wp2019-06: Macroeconomic imbalances and loan quality in panels of European countries

Merike Kukk and Natalia Levenko