The Main Features of Sudan’s Income and Wage Structure in 2022

May Gadalla (), Nesma Amer, Sara Ragab and Dalia Hany
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May Gadalla: Cairo University and ERF
Nesma Amer: Economic Research Forum
Sara Ragab: University of Minnesota
Dalia Hany: Economic Research Forum

No 1824, Working Papers from Economic Research Forum

Abstract: Years of internal conflict, political instability, and inflation had already battered Sudan's economy before the recent civil war erupted in April 2023. Against this backdrop, this paper investigates income, including wage levels and inequality, in the country in 2022. We examine how households diversify their income sources as a way to build resilience, and we also explore the extent of this diversification and the contribution of each income source to overall household income. The analysis covers income and wage distributions, income diversification, and inequality in Sudan by exploring characteristics such as the household head’s sex, sector of employment, education level, and location. Additionally, the paper identifies the main sources of income for households in different regions and by households’ characteristics, and assesses how these sources contribute to income inequality. Finally, we analyze wages in both the public and private sectors, and examine the gender wage gap between and within these sectors.

Pages: 50
Date: 2026-03-17, Revised 2026-03-17
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Published by The Economic Research Forum (ERF)

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