On the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Is there Multivariate Convergence?

Carlo Andrea Bollino () and Marzio Galeotti

No 2021.06, Working Papers from Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei

Abstract: This paper provides new evidence on the convergence process of energy, water and food per capita consumption levels for 108 countries from 1971 to 2018, using a common data set, with VAR and panel data approach. We establish a new notion of multivariate sigma and beta-convergence. The results reveal that there is evidence of sigma- absolute beta- and conditional beta-convergence process for the countries. Moreover, the multivariate approach reveals that there are spillover effects with complex positive impact of each variable on the others in the analyzed countries. The speed of convergence is simulated to assess when the desired levels according to the prescription of the SDG of per water, energy and food capita consumption is reached by each country. Results have important policy implications for interventions on macro variables. Investment has a positive accelerating effect on water convergence. In addition, investment, openness to foreign trade and inflow of foreign direct investment have a positive accelerating effect on food convergence as well as on energy convergence.

Keywords: Water; Energy; Food Nexus; Multivariate Convergence; Sustainable Development Goals; Worldwide Countries Data Set (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C33 O11 O13 Q43 R11 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021-03
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-agr, nep-ene and nep-env
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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Working Paper: On the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Is there Multivariate Convergence? (2021)
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:fem:femwpa:2021.06

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