Development of a Women’s Empowerment metric for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WE-WASH)

Joan Chilalika, Abdallah Chilungo, Gowokani Chijere Chirwa, Febbie Chiwasa, Simone Faas, Nathaniel Ferguson, Jessica Heckert, Nira Joshi, Jean Kamwaba-Mtethiwa, Hazel J. Malapit, Emily Myers, Flor Paz, Meeta S. Pradhan, Kalyani Raghunathan, Gayathri V. Ramani, Greg Seymour, Sanish Shrestha, Abigail Simkoko and Rachana Upadhyaya

No 2207, IFPRI discussion papers from International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)

Abstract: There is a growing focus on gender-sensitive approaches and women’s empowerment in the water, sanitation, and hygiene sectors. At the same time, there is a lack of metrics to measure women’s empowerment in the WASH sector. Such metrics are important for understanding the types of programmatic interventions that are most needed for addressing women’s empowerment, as well as for assessing their impacts on women’s empowerment. In this report, we describe the development of a Women’s Empowerment metrics for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WE-WASH). We collected data from individual women and men in 812 households in Malawi and 826 households in Nepal. Using the data, we develop 14 indicators and establish cutoff thresholds (i.e., whether the individual is empowered) in the areas of intrinsic, instrumental, and collective agency in WASH; instrumental and intrinsic agency in menstrual hygiene management; and the empowerment environment (or resources for empowerment). In each country, we observe differences in empowerment levels between women and men, that favor men on most outcomes. Notably, in both countries, we find that women are much less likely than men to contribute to WASH infrastructure decisions, and most women are spending an undue amount of time contributing to WASH-related labor. In Nepal especially, agency related to menstrual hygiene management is also a substantial area of disempowerment for women.

Keywords: MALAWI; SOUTHERN AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; NEPAL; SOUTH ASIA; ASIA; water; hygiene; women's empowerment; gender; infrastructure sanitation; metrics; menstrual hygiene management (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2207

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