Consumer Mobility, Offline and Online Regional Trade: Evidence From High‐Frequency Transaction Data

David Bounie (), Youssouf Camara and John Galbraith
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David Bounie: IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris, CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - GENES - Groupe des Écoles Nationales d'Économie et Statistique - X - École polytechnique - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris - ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - GENES - Groupe des Écoles Nationales d'Économie et Statistique - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Youssouf Camara: IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris
John Galbraith: McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]

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Abstract: ABSTRACT The shift from offline to online purchasing is reshaping trade patterns: a weaker effect of distance has been observed in digital transactions. This study analyzes these dynamics at an unprecedented scale and granularity, using interregional gravity models estimated from billions of geolocated French card transactions. Using a matched sample of merchants active in both online and offline channels, with unambiguous regional identification, we compare purchasing behavior across channels. We estimate that distance matters 35% less online than offline on average, but for durables, 69% lower online; 43% lower online for nondurables; a negligible online–offline difference is found for services.

Date: 2025-11-12
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Published in International Economic Review, 2025, ⟨10.1111/iere.70036⟩

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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05365868

DOI: 10.1111/iere.70036

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