Markets, Money and Agency: A Critical Narrative Review of Marketing Systems, Access to Finance and the Empowerment of Women Shea Butter Processors in West Africa

Tahirou Soule Afissou and Issaka Kassimou
Additional contact information
Tahirou Soule Afissou: Doctoral School of Agricultural and Water Sciences, University of Parakou, Parakou, Benin.
Issaka Kassimou: Laboratory for Analysis and Research on Economic and Social Dynamics (LARDES), Department of Rural Economics and Sociology, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, BP 123, Parakou, Benin.

Post-Print from HAL

Abstract: The shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn.) underpins one of the few rural West African economies in which women dominate collection, processing and trade. Rising international demand for shea kernels and butter from the confectionery and cosmetics industries has encouraged governments, donors and firms to present shea as a pathway to women's economic empowerment. Whether that promise is realised depends heavily on two institutional conditions that are usually analysed separately: the marketing systems through which butter and kernels are sold, and the financial arrangements through which processors obtain working capital, equipment and liquidity. This critical narrative review examines how these two conditions interact to shape empowerment outcomes for women shea butter processors in West Africa. Peer-reviewed literature, supplemented by selected institutional reports, was identified through multidisciplinary and economics-specific scholarly indexes, citation searching and institutional repositories, and was appraised for design, measurement and contextual relevance. The synthesis indicates that shea processing generally contributes meaningful cash income, but returns to labour are low and highly uneven. Market access is structured by seasonal price cycles, trader networks and export-oriented lead firms, and upstream processors are largely confined to spot, arm's-length transactions with limited upgrading. Niche fair-trade and quality-differentiated markets have delivered benefits to organised groups, yet evidence shows that these gains are modest, selective and sometimes accompanied by exclusion of poorer or less connected women. Finance is dominated by personal savings, savings groups and buyer pre-finance, and formal credit reaches few processors. Where finance is bundled with storage, collective marketing and quality improvement, it appears to strengthen bargaining power, although robust causal evidence is scarce. Empowerment outcomes are further conditioned by intra-household bargaining, growing male involvement, social differentiation among women and declining tree access. The evidence base is dominated by small cross-sectional surveys and case studies concentrated in Ghana, Burkina Faso and Nigeria, with inconsistent empowerment measurement. Integrated, longitudinal and gender-disaggregated research designs are required before firm claims about the empowering effects of shea commercialisation and financial inclusion can be sustained.

Date: 2026-10-05
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations:

Published in Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 2026, 32 (10), pp.603-622

There are no downloads for this item, see the EconPapers FAQ for hints about obtaining it.

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05781358

Access Statistics for this paper

More papers in Post-Print from HAL
Bibliographic data for series maintained by CCSD ().