Strengthening the European rare earths supply-chain

Salla Ahonen, Nikolaos Arvanitidis, Anton Auer, Emilie Baillet, Nazario Bellato, Koen Binnemans, Gian Andrea Blengini, Danilo Bonato, Ewa Brouwer, Sybolt Brower, Matthias Buchert, Reinhard Bütikofer, Helena Cavaco Viegas, Andrzej Chmielarz, Patrice Christmann, Claire Claessen, Gwenole Cozigou, Daniel De Oliveira, Eimear Deady, Ronny Denis, Flor Diaz Pulido, Maria Edvardsson, Danilo Fontana, Christer Forsgren, Jean Christophe Gabriel (), Roland Gauss, Marko Gernuks, Alan Gibbon, Magnus Gislev, James Goddin, Manuel Gomez, Mario Gonçalves, Kathryn Goodenough, Torsten Graupner, Milan Grohol, Oliver Gutfleisch, Jens Gutzmer, Horst Hejny, Henning Holmstrom, Slavomir Hredzak, Eeva Jernström, Animesh Jha, Per Kalvig, Roderick Kefferputz, David Kennedy, Jaakko Kooroshy, Floriana La Marca, Olivier Larcher, Magnus Leijd, Herman Lenting, Friederike Lindner, Elbert Loois, Patricia Lopez Vicente, Paul Lusty, Terence Makanyire, Patrice Millet, Antonia Morales, Zoltan Nemeth, Alessandro Ocera, Erik Offerman, Konstantinos Papavasileiou, Ioannis Paspaliaris, David Phillip Peck, Mattia Pellegrini, S Pellet-Rostaing (), Urs Peuker, Maarten Quix, Marja Liisa Räisänen, Enrique Redondo, Xavier Revest, Alain Rollat, Justin Salminen, Sergio Sanchez-Segad, Ilona Santavaara, Gerhard Schmidt, Richard Sheridan, Axel Sjöqvist, Slavko Solar, Mats Sundgren, Colin Tattam, Maria Taxiarchou, Michael Taylor, Guenter Tiess, Arnold Tukker, Casper van Der Eijk, Alexis Van Maercke, Janneke Van Veen, Silvia Vecchione, Karl Vrancken, Hong Vu, Allan Walton, Erik Westin, Antje Wittenberg, Hermann Wotruba, Guozhu Ye and Sebastian Zaleski
Additional contact information
Salla Ahonen: NOKIA Research Center - Nokia
Nikolaos Arvanitidis: SGU - Geological Survey of Sweden = Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning
Anton Auer: Treibacher Industrie
Emilie Baillet: ERAMET - ERAMET
Nazario Bellato: Magneti Marelli Powertrain
Koen Binnemans: University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Gian Andrea Blengini: JRC - European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra]
Danilo Bonato: ReMedia Group
Ewa Brouwer: Fraunhofer ISC - Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research - Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft - Fraunhofer
Sybolt Brower: Umicore IR Glass
Matthias Buchert: Oeko-Institut
Reinhard Bütikofer: UE - Union Européenne = European Union
Helena Cavaco Viegas: UE - Union Européenne = European Union
Andrzej Chmielarz: Instytut Metali Niezelaznych
Patrice Christmann: BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières
Claire Claessen: KT - Knowledge Technology group [Hamburg] - Department of Informatics [Hamburg] - UHH - Universität Hamburg = University of Hamburg
Gwenole Cozigou: UE - Union Européenne = European Union
Daniel De Oliveira: LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia
Eimear Deady: BGS - British Geological Survey
Ronny Denis: Toyota Research Institute
Flor Diaz Pulido: UE - Union Européenne = European Union
Maria Edvardsson: UE - Union Européenne = European Union
Danilo Fontana: ENEA - Italian National agency for new technologies, Energy and sustainable economic development [Frascati]
Christer Forsgren: Stena Metall group
Jean Christophe Gabriel: CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives
Roland Gauss: Fraunhofer IWU Project Group Resource-Efficient Mechatronic Processing Machines
Marko Gernuks: Volkswagen AG
Alan Gibbon: MIRO - Mineral Industry Research Organisation
Magnus Gislev: UE - Union Européenne = European Union
James Goddin: Granta Design Limited
Manuel Gomez: UE - Union Européenne = European Union
Mario Gonçalves: OI-FCUL - Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon
Kathryn Goodenough: BGS - British Geological Survey
Torsten Graupner: BGR - Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe = German Federal Institute for Geoscience and Resources
Milan Grohol: UE - Union Européenne = European Union
Oliver Gutfleisch: TU Darmstadt - Technische Universität Darmstadt - Technical University of Darmstadt
Jens Gutzmer: HIF - Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology - HZDR - Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
Horst Hejny: MinPol GmbH - Agency for international minerals policy
Henning Holmstrom: Tasman Metals AB
Slavomir Hredzak: SAS - Slovak Academy of Sciences
Eeva Jernström: Lappeenranta University of Technology - LUT - Lappeenranta–Lahti University of Technology [Finlande]
Animesh Jha: University of Leeds
Per Kalvig: GEUS - Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland
Roderick Kefferputz: UE - Union Européenne = European Union
David Kennedy: Less Common Metals Ltd
Jaakko Kooroshy: Chatham House
Floriana La Marca: UNIROMA - Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" = Sapienza University [Rome]
Olivier Larcher: Solvay (France)
Magnus Leijd: Tasman Metals AB
Herman Lenting: TNO Centre for Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences - TNO - The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research
Friederike Lindner: Bosch
Elbert Loois: RA Resource Alliance GmbH
Patricia Lopez Vicente: EDA - European Defence Agency
Paul Lusty: BGS - British Geological Survey
Terence Makanyire: University of Leeds
Patrice Millet: UE - Union Européenne = European Union
Antonia Morales: European Chemicals Council (Cefic) Long-Range Research Initiative, 1160 Brussels, Belgium; Hubesch Consult BVBA, 1600 Sint-Pieters-Leeuw
Zoltan Nemeth: State Geological Institute of Dionýz Štúr - Mlynská dolina 1
Alessandro Ocera: Leonardo-Finmeccanica Company
Erik Offerman: TU Delft - Delft University of Technology
Konstantinos Papavasileiou: University of Athens, Athens
Ioannis Paspaliaris: University of Athens, Athens
David Phillip Peck: TU Delft - Delft University of Technology
Mattia Pellegrini: UE - Union Européenne = European Union
S Pellet-Rostaing: ICSM - UMR 5257 - Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule - INC-CNRS - Institut de Chimie - CNRS Chimie - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - ISEC - Institut des Sciences et technologies pour une Economie Circulaire des énergies bas carbone - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - UM - Université de Montpellier - ENSCM - Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier - UM - Université de Montpellier
Urs Peuker: Freiberg University of Mining and Technology
Maarten Quix: Umicore IR Glass
Marja Liisa Räisänen: GKT - Geological Survey of Finland = Geologian tutkimuskeskus tuottaa
Enrique Redondo: ECOLEC - ECOLEC
Xavier Revest: ERAMET - ERAMET
Alain Rollat: Solvay (France)
Justin Salminen: VTT - VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
Sergio Sanchez-Segad: University of Leeds
Ilona Santavaara: NOKIA Research Center - Nokia
Gerhard Schmidt: Oeko-Institut
Richard Sheridan: University of Birmingham [Birmingham]
Axel Sjöqvist: GU - Göteborgs Universitet = University of Gothenburg
Slavko Solar: UE - Union Européenne = European Union
Mats Sundgren: Swerea Mefos Ab
Colin Tattam: KT - Knowledge Technology group [Hamburg] - Department of Informatics [Hamburg] - UHH - Universität Hamburg = University of Hamburg
Maria Taxiarchou: NTUA - National Technical University of Athens [Athens]
Michael Taylor: Gladstone Institutes [San Francisco]
Guenter Tiess: MU - University of Leoben
Arnold Tukker: TNO - The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research
Casper van Der Eijk: SINTEF Energy Research
Alexis Van Maercke: UE - Union Européenne = European Union
Janneke Van Veen: OVAM
Silvia Vecchione: European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association
Karl Vrancken: VITO - Flemish Institute for Technological Research
Hong Vu: ICT - Institute of Chemical Technology [Prague]
Allan Walton: University of Birmingham [Birmingham]
Erik Westin: Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
Antje Wittenberg: BGR - Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe = German Federal Institute for Geoscience and Resources
Hermann Wotruba: RWTH Aachen - RWTH Aachen University = Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen
Guozhu Ye: Swerea Mefos Ab
Sebastian Zaleski: UE - Union Européenne = European Union

Working Papers from HAL

Abstract: Policy recommendations: 1. Maintaining and strengthening the European Rare Earth Elements (REE) skills and knowledge base through research funding, science and technology education and international cooperation. Without cutting-edge research and technical expertise, a European high-tech REE industry cannot flourish. The EC and Member States should support funding for research grants, scholarships, and training networks, and enhance European and international cooperation through coordinated calls, researcher exchanges, and joint high-level conferences. 2. Creating the basis for informed decision-making on REEs through a European Critical Materials Observatory. Mapping and monitoring of REE supply chains is necessary for informed decision-making. Expertise in Europe could be pooled in a virtual Critical Materials Observatory that provides the public with consistent and authoritative knowledge on REEs (e.g., information on advanced exploration projects, prices, key demand and supply trends, and the urban mine potential). 3. Support promising technologies through funding industry-led pilot plants for innovative HREE processing. The EC, industry and Member States should accelerate the commercialization and scaling up of key technologies through co-financing industry-led pilot plants. This should include pilots for REE recovery from heavy rare earths-rich minerals, direct-alloy recycling routes, process and sensor equipment for REE recycling, and REE recovery from industrial residues. 4. Levelling the playing field for European HREE exploration through co-funding for prefeasibility and bankable feasibility studies. Support from federal and state governments in the U.S., Australia and Canada has played a critical role in advancing project exploration. The EC and Member States should evaluate possibilities for supporting the extensive R&D necessary for pre-feasibility and bankable feasibility studies, to avoid high quality deposits in Europe simply going unexplored. 5. Making waste management REE-friendly through eco-design, incentive schemes for collecting priority waste products, and streamlining policy and waste regulation. The EC and Member States should promote recycling-friendly design to help identify and recover REE components in waste more easily. Potential incentives for stimulating REE waste collection should be evaluated and the shipment of REE wastes should be facilitated. More consistency should also be created in implementing and applying existing waste regulations. 6. Boost supply security and de-risk strategic REE investment cases through enhanced cooperation among European end-users and other stakeholders. Leading end-users should engage in strategic cooperation across industry and with governments. This could include setting up a voluntary European ‘critical raw materials fund', establishing a ‘European Resource Alliance' similar to the German Rohstoffallianz, and convening a high-level taskforce to examine ways in which public funding could support resilient REE supply chains for Europe.

Keywords: Rare; Earth; Elements; REEs (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2015-06-19
Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://cea.hal.science/cea-01550114v1
References: View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

Published in [Technical Report] European Commission. 2015

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