Madagascar 1984–2024: Forty Years of IMF/World Bank Policies and the Trajectory of the Water–Sanitation–Hygiene (WASH) Sector

Madagascar 1984–2024: Quarante ans d'interventions FMI/BM et trajectoire du secteur Eau–Assainissement–Hygiène (EAH)

Zo Rivomanana Rasoanaivo ()
Additional contact information
Zo Rivomanana Rasoanaivo: Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar.

Working Papers from HAL

Abstract: This strategic note examines forty years of IMF and World Bank interventions in Madagascar's Water–Sanitation–Hygiene (WASH) sector, in a context of rapid demographic growth, accelerated urbanization, and recurrent climate pressures. It reviews the cumulative effects of macroeconomic policies, conditionalities, and financing architectures on sector performance between 1984 and 2024.Using publicly available sources (JMP 1990–2022, PER 2017–2021, JIRAMA reports, IMF Article IV, IEG evaluations), the analysis identifies how expenditure ceilings, wage bill restrictions, tariff adjustments, subsidy reductions, and institutional fragmentation shaped the evolution of essential services.The findings reveal modest progress in access to services (+10 percentage points for drinking water and +8 points for sanitation), structural deficits within the national utility JIRAMA (–190 M USD in 2022), and high physical losses (45%). The note situates these trends at the intersection of external (donor policies), internal (governance), and structural factors (demography, urbanization, climate).It provides a cumulative reading of four decades of interventions to inform future public policy choices and strategic investment decisions.

Keywords: Water; Development policy; Governance; Public utilities; Structural adjustment; World Bank; IMF; Hygiene; Sanitation; Madagascar; Développement; Politiques publiques; Gouvernance; Jirama; Ajustement structurel; Banque mondiale; FMI; Hygiène; Assainissement; Eau (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025-12-22
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations:

There are no downloads for this item, see the EconPapers FAQ for hints about obtaining it.

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-05429130

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17625044

Access Statistics for this paper

More papers in Working Papers from HAL
Bibliographic data for series maintained by CCSD ().