Social Mobility in Western Countries: The Role of Families, Networks, and Institutions

Martin Nybom (), José V. Rodríguez Mora () and Kjell G. Salvanes ()
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Martin Nybom: Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy, Postal: IFAU, Kyrkogårdsgatan 6 , S-753 12 Uppsala, Sweden, https://sites.google.com/site/martinnybom/
José V. Rodríguez Mora: Faculty of CUNEF University, Postal: CUNEF Universidad, C. de Almansa, 101, 28049 Madrid, Spain, https://www.sevirodriguezmora.com/
Kjell G. Salvanes: Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Postal: NHH, Department of Economics, Helleveien 30, N-5045 Bergen, Norway, https://sites.google.com/view/kjellsalvanes/home

No 1/2026, Discussion Paper Series in Economics from Norwegian School of Economics, Department of Economics

Abstract: This chapter reviews recent advances on the drivers of intergenerational persistence in education and income, with a focus on causal mechanisms shaping social mobility across OECD countries. While the descriptive literature is vast, documenting substantial correlations between parents’ and children’s outcomes, recent research increasingly emphasizes the underlying factors driving these patterns. We begin with a brief illustration of global variation in intergenerational mobility using harmonized cross-country data, before turning to the literature on mechanisms. We outline a general theoretical framework, which organizes the discussion around three domains: pre-market factors (e.g., early childhood investment, parenting, education systems), labor market dynamics (e.g., sorting, networks, firm heterogeneity), and post-market institutions. We review topics such as the timing and nature of parental investments, parenting styles, credit constraints, neighborhood effects, and the role of social networks in school and on the labor market. We highlight how new data and empirical designs have broadened our understanding of the drivers of intergenerational inequality and, ultimately, interventions with the potential to mitigate it.

Keywords: Intergenerational Mobility; Social networks; Neighborhoods; Labor market (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: D85 J13 J62 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 86 pages
Date: 2026-02-16
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