Did Cities Increase Skills During Industrialization? Evidence from Rural-Urban Migration

Jonatan Andersson () and Jakob Molinder
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Jonatan Andersson: Department of Economic History, Uppsala University, Postal: Uppsala University, Department of Economic History, P.O. Box 256, SE-751 05 Uppsala, SWEDEN

No 2024/12, Uppsala Papers in Economic History from Uppsala University, Department of Economic History

Abstract: The process of industrialization is typically associated with urbanization and a widening urban-rural skills gap. To what extent were these disparities driven by the direct impact on occupational attainment of living in an urban area or the result of the positive self-selection of more-skilled individuals into cities? In this paper, we leverage exceptional Swedish longitudinal data that allow us to estimate the impact of rural-urban migration on skill attainment during Sweden’s industrialization from the 1880s to the 1930s using a staggered treatment difference-in-difference estimator. We attribute roughly half of the gap in urban-rural skills to a direct impact of living in an urban area, whereas the other half is driven by self-selection into cities. A third of the direct impact of residing in cities is explained by a static effect, reflecting better initial matching, while the rest is the result of a dynamic effect as individuals upgrade their skills over time in urban areas. We conclude that cities had a substantial effect on skill development in Sweden around the turn of the nineteenth century that is likely to extend to other European and North American economies that were industrializing around the same time.

Keywords: Rural-urban migration; skills; industrialization (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: J62 N33 N34 R23 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 48 pages
Date: 2024-01-05
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-eur, nep-his, nep-lab, nep-mig and nep-ure
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:hhs:uuehwp:2024_012

DOI: 10.33063/upeh.v3i.578

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