How (Not) to Price Fuel Products

Delphine Prady, Julieth Pico-Mejia, Jean-François Wen and Grégoire Rota-Graziosi

No 2026/003, IMF Fiscal Affairs Department from International Monetary Fund

Abstract: Half of all countries in the world regulate fuel prices through various forms of interventions in price formulas. These interventions pursue a range of social, political, and economic objectives, including protecting consumers from price volatility or promoting domestic industries. However, they rarely achieve their objectives and often have unintended and costly consequences. This How-to-Note provides guidance on the structure and components of fuel price formulas, what practices should be avoided, and why. Policymakers should prioritize transparency, alignment with international market prices, simplicity, and consistency in fuel pricing. Transparency requires regularly publishing all components of fuel prices. Second, domestic fuel prices should reflect international market fluctuations. Policymakers should create a pricing culture that accepts some degree of price volatility, possibly through automatic and transparent adjustments. Third, price interventions should be simple and kept at a minimum. This is key for fuel taxation which should be streamlined to only a few taxes, while parafiscal levies should be avoided. Finally, similar fuel products should be subject to comparable pricing interventions to ensure consistency and reduce inefficiencies, fraud, and smuggling.

Keywords: fuel pricing; market structure; subsidies and taxation; transparency; governance; fuel prices; consumer prices; energy subsidies; price adjustments; consumption; governance; fuel price; fuel product; price intervention; IMF Library; how-to note; Value-added tax; Excises; Global; Europe (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 26
Date: 2026-06-26
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