Civil Liberties and Gender Disparity in Educational Attainment

Takahiro Akita, Mitsuhiro Hayashi and Mitsuhiko Kataoka
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Mitsuhiko Kataoka: IUJ Research Institute, International University of Japan

No EMS_2025_05, Working Papers from Research Institute, International University of Japan

Abstract: This study examines the relationship between civil liberties and gender disparity in educational attainment. We perform a dynamic panel data analysis using a unique panel dataset constructed from the Barro and Lee fs data on educational attainment and Freedom House fs data on civil liberties. The panel dataset covers 146 countries at five-year intervals from 1975 to 2015. One of the key findings is that, ceteris paribus, countries with higher levels of civil liberties tend to exhibit smaller levels of gender disparity in educational attainment. This implies that civil liberties may promote greater gender equality in educational attainment. It is observed also that gender disparity in educational attainment appears to follow a slight U-shaped pattern in relation to educational expansion, suggesting that the gender disparity initially decreases, but after reaching its lowest point at the mean years of education of around 8.6, it may begin to rise with further educational expansion.

Keywords: civil liberties; gender disparity in educational attainment; decomposition of education Gini (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I24 I25 P16 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 32 pages
Date: 2025-08
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