A Composite Indicator of Social Inclusion for EU based on the Inverted BoD Model

Giannis Karagiannis and Panagiotis Ravanos ()

Discussion Paper Series from Department of Economics, University of Macedonia

Abstract: In this paper, after reviewing the existing modeling approaches for reverse indicators, we opt for the use of the inverted Benefit-of-the-doubt (IBoD) model when all the considered indicators are reverse, as is the case with composite indicators related to social inclusion. Using EU data for 2014 we provide comparative empirical results using the IBoD model and three data transformations employed by previous studies. We also provide a thorough analysis of the performance of EU countries during the period 2011-2020 in terms of the composite indicator obtained from the IBoD model. Our empirical results indicate that the relative performance across EU has neither improved nor deteriorated and there is evidence supporting local instead of global convergence in social inclusion with certain groups of countries.

Keywords: Social Inclusion; EU, Reverse Indicators; Inverted BoD Models. (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023-02, Revised 2023-02
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Citations: View citations in EconPapers (2)

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Journal Article: A composite indicator of social inclusion for EU based on the inverted BoD model (2023)
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:mcd:mcddps:2023_02

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