Competitive nonlinear pricing and bundling

Mark Armstrong and John Vickers

MPRA Paper from University Library of Munich, Germany

Abstract: We examine the impact of multiproduct nonlinear pricing on profit, consumer surplus and welfare in a duopoly. When consumers buy all their products from one firm (the one-stop shopping model), nonlinear pricing leads to higher profit and welfare, but often lower consumer surplus, than linear pricing. By contrast, in a unit-demand model where consumers may buy one product from one firm and another product from another firm, bundling generally acts to reduce profit and welfare and to boost consumer surplus. In a more general model where consumers may buy from more than one firm and where consumers have elastic demands for each product, nonlinear pricing has ambiguous effects. Compared with linear pricing, nonlinear pricing tends to raise profit but harm consumer surplus when: (i) demand is elastic, (ii) there is substantial product differentiation, (iii) there is substantial heterogeneity in consumer demand, (iv) consumers face substantial shopping costs when visiting more than one firm, and (v) a consumer's brand preference for one product is strongly correlated with her brand preference for another product. Nonlinear pricing is more likely to lead to welfare gains when (i), (ii), (iv) and (v) hold, but (iii) does not.

Keywords: Price discrimination; bundling; nonlinear pricing; oligopoly (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: D4 D61 L13 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2006-09
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (13)

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https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/70/1/MPRA_paper_70.pdf original version (application/pdf)
https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9867/1/MPRA_paper_9867.pdf revised version (application/pdf)

Related works:
Journal Article: Competitive Non-linear Pricing and Bundling (2010)
Working Paper: Competitive Nonlinear Pricing and Bundling (2006)
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:pra:mprapa:70

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