Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of 'Blind' Auditions on Female Musicians

Claudia Goldin and Cecilia Rouse
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Cecilia Rouse: Princeton University and NBER

No 755, Working Papers from Princeton University, Department of Economics, Industrial Relations Section.

Abstract: Discrimination against women has been alleged in hiring practices for many occupations, but it is extremely difficult to demonstrate sex-biased hiring. A change in the way symphony orchestras recruit musicians provides an unusual way to test for sex-biased hiring. To overcome possible biases in hiring, most orchestras revised their audition policies in the 1970s and 1980s. A major change involved the use of "blind" auditions with a "screen" to conceal the identity of the candidate from the jury. Female musicians in the top 5 symphony orchestras in the United States were less than 5% of all players in 1970 but are 25% today. We ask whether women were more likely to be advanced and/ or hired with the use of "blind" auditions. Using data from actual auditions in an individual fixed-effects framework, we find that the screen increases- by 50% - the probability a woman will be advanced out of certain preliminary rounds. The screen also enhances, by several fold, the likelihood a female contestant will be the winner in the final round. Using data on orchestra personnel, the switch to "blind" auditions can explain between 30% and 55% of the increase in the proportion female among new hires and between 25% and 46% of the increase in the percentage female in the orchestras since 1970.

Keywords: female; discrimination; hiring practices; blind; orchestras (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: J16 J44 J71 L82 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 1997-01
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Citations: View citations in EconPapers (9)

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Related works:
Journal Article: Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of "Blind" Auditions on Female Musicians (2000)
Working Paper: Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of "Blind" Auditions on Female Musicians (1997)
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:pri:indrel:376

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