Female Entrepreneurs: How and Why are they different?

Eliana Carranza, Chandra Dhakal and Inessa Love

No 30633575, Jobs Group Papers, Notes, and Guides from The World Bank

Abstract: This paper reviews and critically evaluates existing evidence on female entrepreneurial activity. First, we identify how female-run businesses are different, by examining both economic and non-economic outcomes which are frequently overlooked. Second, we offer a comprehensive discussion of drivers to explain why these differences. We group these drivers in four categories: (i) preferences, (ii) endowments, (iv) external constraints, and (iv) internal constraints. Third, we review evidence on the types of policies that have been effective or have potential to address the different drivers. Finally, we offer a discussion of the gaps in the literature and identify areas for future research.

Keywords: access to business network; difference in outcomes; woman entrepreneur; female entrepreneur; woman business owner; labor market discrimination; female entrepreneurial activity; labor market condition; high risk aversion; care for child; terms of sale; access to finance; nutrition and education; welfare of children; cost of credit; lack of responsibility; freedom of movement; property ownership law; work family balance; national unemployment rate; reallocation of resource; child care options; control of land; lack of opportunity; work at home; small business administration; privileges and immunity; future research; External Finance; Gender Gap; work-life balance; Work Life Balance; wage work; informal business; wage employment; higher growth; micro enterprise; human capital; conceptual framework; survival rate; profit maximization; household outcomes; push factor; wage earner; pull factor; failure rate; Female Entrepreneurship; employment growth; business failure; business survival; risk averse; firm exit; business performance; average score; utility maximization; productivity gap; cultural norm; female business; personal fulfillment; business training; business decision; life circumstances; social capital; competitive environment; wealth creation; sales growth; risk preference; sole responsibility; sex difference; risk taking; policy outcome; gender difference; women's empowerment; parental investment; female control; original work; family situation; family status; industrial sector; reproductive year; traditional norm; older woman; cost efficiency; product quality; business environment; policy priority; copyright owner; female head; risk tolerance; driving force; rent seeking; wage labor; educated woman; business venture; enterprise performance; legal reform; empirical evidence; family life; labor productivity; ample evidence; profitable sector; woman owner; hospitality sector; child rearing; input market; professional service; college graduate; documentation requirement; credit constraint; retail trade; leather good; industrial worker; african men; employment situation; sectoral composition; natural experiment; informal sector; factor inputs; financial risk; bank risk; acceptable risk; risky activity; life satisfaction; primary focus; small sample; subjective perceptions; household dynamic; cash grant; holistic approach; individual study; performance gap; household income; commercial purpose; personal service; married woman; men entrepreneur; Gender Inequality; gender inequalities; dependent children; job prospects; risky business; married man; interpersonal relationship; personal freedom; rural woman; power relation; marginalized group; ongoing support; entrepreneurial venture; market access; role models; business partner; legal system; primary concern; business growth; research show; large business; social responsibility; tax implications; personal development; interaction effect; take time; study including; marital status; comparative advantage; entrepreneurial decision; optimal investment; consumption smoothing; financial constraint; market failure; traditional sector; demand-side factor; household consumption; household level; business ownership; paper issue; decomposition analysis; binding constraint; young woman; policy option; cultural context; financial resource; mentoring opportunity; insurance market; financial market; high share; gender discrimination; supply side; domestic chore; business profit; high reward (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 64
Date: 2018-01-01
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (11)

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http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/40012154 ... y-are-They-Different

Related works:
Working Paper: Female Entrepreneurs (2018)
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