Gender-Specific Transportation Costs and Female Time Use: Evidence from India’s Pink Slip Program

Yutong Chen, Kerem Cosar, Devaki Ghose, Shirish Mahendru and Sheetal Sekhri

No 10701, Policy Research Working Paper Series from The World Bank

Abstract: Reducing gender-specific commuting barriers in developing countries has complex effects on women’s labor dynamics. The paper studies a program that offers free bus rides for women in several Indian states (the Pink Slip program) using a synthetic difference-in-differences approach to shed light on labor supply and time use decisions of women. It observes decreased bus expenses and time saved on travel. Skilled employed women increase labor supply, while low-skilled married women shift focus to household chores. Unemployed women intensify job searches, yet overall employment rates remain unchanged. The findings highlight that alleviating commuting costs does not uniformly boost women’s labor participation, as gender roles and societal norms continue to shape outcomes.

Date: 2024-02-12
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Working Paper: Gender-Specific Transportation Costs and Female Time Use: Evidence from India’s Pink Slip Program (2024)
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