Barriers to Entry: Decomposing the Gender Gap in Job Search in Urban Pakistan

Elisabetta Gentile, Nikita Kohli, Nivedhitha Subramanian, Zunia Tirmazee and Kate Vyborny

No 11142, Policy Research Working Paper Series from The World Bank

Abstract: Gender gaps in labor market outcomes persist in South Asia. An open question is whether supply- or demand-side constraints play a larger role. This paper investigates this using matched data from three sources in Lahore, Pakistan: representative samples of jobseekers and employers, administrative data from a job matching platform, and an incentivized binary choice experiment. Employers’ gender restrictions are a larger constraint on women’s job opportunities than supply-side decisions. This demand-side gap in the quantity of job opportunities closes as education levels increase and jobs become more “white-collar.”

Date: 2025-06-10
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