The Global Gender Distortions Index (GGDI)

Penny Goldberg, Charles Gottlieb, Somik V. Lall, Meet Mehta, Michael Peters and Aishwarya Lakshmi Ratan

No 11184, Policy Research Working Paper Series from The World Bank

Abstract: The extent to which women participate in the labor market varies greatly across the globe. If such differences reflect distortions that women face in accessing good jobs, they can reduce economic activity through a misallocation of talent. This paper builds on Hsieh et al. (2019) to provide a methodology to quantify these productivity consequences. The index proposed, the “Global Gender Distortions Index (GGDI)”, measures the losses in aggregate productivity that gender-based misallocation imposes. The index allows for separate identification of labor demand distortions (e.g., discrimination in hiring for formal jobs) from labor supply distortions (e.g., frictions that discourage women’s labor force participation) and can be computed using data on labor income and job types. The methodology also highlights an important distinction between welfare-relevant misallocation and the consequences on aggregate GDP if misallocation arises between market work and non-market activities. To showcase the versatility of the index, the analysis examines gender misallocation within countries over time, across countries over the development spectrum, and across local labor markets within countries. The findings indicate that misallocation is substantial and that demand distortions account for most of the productivity losses.

Date: 2025-08-11
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Working Paper: The Global Gender Distortions Index (GGDI) (2025)
Working Paper: The Global Gender Distortions Index (GGDI) (2025)
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