Openness, inequality, and poverty: endowments matter

Julien Gourdon, Nicolas Maystre and Jaime de Melo

No 3981, Policy Research Working Paper Series from The World Bank

Abstract: Using tariffs as a measure of openness, the authors find consistent evidence that the conditional effects of trade liberalization on inequality are correlated with relative factor endowments. Trade liberalization is associated with increases in inequality in countries well-endowed in highly skilled workers and capital or with workers that have very low education levels and in countries relatively well-endowed in mining and fuels. Trade liberalization is associated with decreases in inequality in countries that are well-endowed with primary-educated labor. Similar results are also apparent when decile data are used instead of the usual Gini coefficient. The results are strongly supportive of the factor-proportions theory of trade and suggest that trade liberalization in poor countries where the share of the labor force with very low education levels (likely employed in nontradable activities) is high raises inequality. In the sample, countries with low education levels also have relatively scarce endowments of capital. Quantitatively capital scarcity is the dominating effect so that trade liberalization is accompanied by reduced income inequality in low-income countries. Within-country inequality is also positively correlated with measures of macroeconomic instability. Simulation results suggest that relatively small changes in inequality as measured by aggregate measures of inequality like the Gini coefficient are magnified when estimates are carried out using decile data.

Keywords: Free Trade; Economic Theory&Research; Inequality; Trade Law; Achieving Shared Growth (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2006-08-01
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-dev, nep-int and nep-ltv
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Citations: View citations in EconPapers (11)

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