 The Welfare Implications of Massive Money Injection: The Japanese Experience from 2013 to 2020Tsutomu Watanabe Asian Economic Policy Review, 2021, vol. 16, issue 2, 224-242 Abstract: The present paper derives a money demand function that explicitly takes the costs of storing money into account. This function is then used to examine the consequences of the large‐scale money injection conducted by the Bank of Japan since April 2013. The main findings are as follows. First, the opportunity cost of holding money calculated using 1‐year government bond yields has been negative since the fourth quarter of 2014 and most recently (2020:Q2) was −0.2%. Second, the marginal cost of storing money, which was 0.3% in the most recent quarter, exceeds the marginal utility of money, which was 0.1%. Third, the optimal quantity of money, measured by the ratio of M1 to nominal gross domestic product, is 1.2. In contrast, the actual money‐income ratio in the most recent quarter was 1.8. The welfare loss relative to the maximum welfare obtained under the optimal quantity of money in the most recent quarter was 0.2% of nominal gross domestic product. The findings imply that the Bank of Japan needs to reduce M1 by more than 30%, for example through measures that impose a penalty on holding money. Date: 2021 Downloads: (external link) Related works: Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:bla:asiapr:v:16:y:2021:i:2:p:224-242 Ordering information: This journal article can be ordered from Access Statistics for this article Asian Economic Policy Review is currently edited by Takatoshi Ito, Akira Kojima, Colin McKenzie and Shujiro Urata More articles in Asian Economic Policy Review from Japan Center for Economic Research Contact information at EDIRC. |
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