Leapfrogging the Melting Pot? European Immigrants’ Intergenerational Mobility Across the 20th Century

Kendal Lowrey, Jennifer Van Hook, James D. Bachmeier and Thomas B. Foster

Working Papers from U.S. Census Bureau, Center for Economic Studies

Abstract: During the early twentieth century, industrial-era European immigrants entered the United States with lower levels of education than the U.S. average. However, empirical research has yielded unclear and inconsistent evidence about the extent and pace of their integration, leaving openings for arguments that contest the narrative that these groups experienced rapid integration and instead assert that educational deficits among lower-status groups persisted across multiple generations. Here, we advance another argument, that European immigrants may have “leapfrogged” or exceeded U.S.-born non-Hispanic white attainment by the third generation. To assess these ideas, we reconstituted three-generation families by linking individuals across the 1940 Census, years 1973, 1979, 1981-90 of the Current Population Survey, the 2000 Census, and years 2001-2017 of the American Community Survey. Results show that most European immigrant groups not only caught up with U.S.-born whites by the second generation, but surpassed them, and this advantage further increased in the third generation. This research provides a new understanding of the time to integration for 20th century European immigrant groups by showing that they integrated at a faster pace than previously thought, indicative of a process of accelerated upward mobility.

Keywords: intergenerational mobility; European immigrants; education; integration (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 60 pages
Date: 2021-08
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-his, nep-isf, nep-mig and nep-ure
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (1)

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https://www2.census.gov/ces/wp/2021/CES-WP-21-20.pdf First version, 2021 (application/pdf)

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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:cen:wpaper:21-20

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