Systematic Management: The Search for Order and Integration*

Joseph A. Litterer

Business History Review, 1961, vol. 35, issue 4, 461-476

Abstract: A comparative examination of late nineteenth-century worker productivity, machine utilization, and management methodology reveals the importance of process-oriented organization in American factories, where the highest technical skills were directed not at making products, as in Europe, but at making production lines. This orientation, together with a rapidly changing environment, required a particular kind of management and a new awareness of the management function.

Date: 1961
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