The Effect of Gross Domestic Product and Population Growth on CO2 Emissions in Indonesia: An Application of the Ant Colony Optimisation Algorithm and Cobb-Douglas Model

Sukono Sukono, Wahyuddin Albra, T. Zulham, Iskandarsyah Majid, Jumadil Saputra, Betty Subartini and Friscila Thalia
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Sukono Sukono: Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, 45363 Jatinangor, Indonesia.
Wahyuddin Albra: Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Malikussaleh, 24351 Lhokseumawe, Aceh, Indonesia,
T. Zulham: Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Syiah Kuala, 23111 Darussalam, Banda Aceh, Indonesia,
Iskandarsyah Majid: School of Social and Economic Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
Jumadil Saputra: Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Malikussaleh, 24351 Lhokseumawe, Aceh, Indonesia,
Betty Subartini: Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, 45363 Jatinangor, Indonesia.
Friscila Thalia: Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, 45363 Jatinangor, Indonesia.

International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2019, vol. 9, issue 4, 313-319

Abstract: Gross domestic product (GDP) is one indicator for measuring a country s economic growth. However, the increase in GDP and population growth are affecting CO2 emissions. This study analyses the effects of GDP and population density on CO2 emissions in Indonesia. To this end, it used the CobbDouglas model, and parameter estimation using Ant Colony Optimisation algorithm. The analysis of the results reveals that GDP and population density influence CO2 emissions in Indonesia significantly, and significantly follows the Cobb-Douglas model with increasing return to scale characteristics. Thus, an increase in GDP and population density will lead to increased CO2 emissions in Indonesia.

Keywords: s Economic Growth; Gross Domestic Product; Population Growth; CO 2 Emission; Ant Colony Optimisation Algorithm; Cobb-Douglas model (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C61 O15 O47 Q53 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2019
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (2)

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