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When is the electric vehicle market self-sustaining? Evidence from Norway

Nicolas Koch, Nolan Ritter, Alexander Rohlf and Francesco Scarazzato

Energy Economics, 2022, vol. 110, issue C

Abstract: This paper investigates whether the world’s most mature electric vehicle (EV) market in Norway has overcome critical mass constraints and can achieve sustainable long-term equilibria without subsidies. We estimate a structural model that allows for multiple equilibria emerging from the interdependence between EV demand and charging station supply. We first estimate the resulting indirect network effects using an instrumental variable approach. Then, we simulate long-term market outcomes for each of the 422 Norwegian municipalities. We find that almost 20% of all municipalities faced critical mass constraints in the earliest stage of the market. Half of them are effectively trapped in a zero-adoption equilibrium. However, in the maturing market, all municipalities have passed critical mass. Overall, about 60% of the Norwegian population now lives in municipalities with a high-adoption equilibrium, even if subsidies were removed. This suggests that critical mass constraints do no longer justify the provision of subsidies.

Keywords: Electric vehicles; Network externalities; Critical mass; Subsidies (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: H23 L62 Q48 Q58 R48 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (3)

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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:110:y:2022:i:c:s0140988322001621

DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2022.105991

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