An Overview of Renewable Energy Scenario in India and its Impact on Grid Inertia and Frequency Response

Mukherjee Debanjan and Kalita Karuna

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2022, vol. 168, issue C

Abstract: Renewables around the globe, provide fuel diversification, energy security and produce little or no emissions during the electricity generation. The unavailability of rotating masses prohibits on-grid renewable energy generation systems from providing inertia during a frequency disruption. This would be extremely unsettling and impactful when the proportion of energy in the grid due to renewables is high. India currently, has a 28.04% share of on-grid renewable energy. The grid infrastructure systems of India would face severe challenges when the share of on-grid renewables leaps past 50% in the future. Thus, this paper primarily addresses the repercussions of increasing share of on-grid renewables in terms of inertia and frequency response in India. The energy scenario of 2040 in India under 80% proliferation of on-grid renewables has been well reviewed in this paper. The novelty of this paper is the narrative literature review of the Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC) on frequency response which is unique and exclusive to this manuscript. It demonstrates the current strategies prevalent in the grid system of India towards frequency response and inertia support. This paper also explains the diverse control strategies and energy storage technologies required for adoption with the on-grid renewables in India for frequency response. The other novelty in this paper is the insight about the inertia lost due to an on-grid 100-kWp solar photovoltaic system to explain the readers about the impact when the integration is hundreds to thousands of kilowatts.

Keywords: Grid Inertia; Energy Storage; Frequency Response; Pumped Hydro Energy Storage; Flywheel Energy Storage; Compressed Air Energy Storage; Battery Energy Storage; Ultracapacitors; Grid Code; De-loading; Solar Photovoltaics; Wind Energy; Renewable Energy; Inertia Emulation; Virtual Synchronous Generator; Fast Power Reserve; Synchro-Converter; Primary Control; Secondary Control; Tertiary Control (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2022
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Citations: View citations in EconPapers (3)

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DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112842

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