A Theoretical Study on Reversible Solid Oxide Cells as Key Enablers of Cyclic Conversion between Electrical Energy and Fuel

Saheli Biswas, Shambhu Singh Rathore, Aniruddha Pramod Kulkarni, Sarbjit Giddey and Sankar Bhattacharya
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Saheli Biswas: Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
Shambhu Singh Rathore: CSIRO Energy, Clayton South, Melbourne, VIC 3169, Australia
Aniruddha Pramod Kulkarni: Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
Sarbjit Giddey: CSIRO Energy, Clayton South, Melbourne, VIC 3169, Australia
Sankar Bhattacharya: Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia

Energies, 2021, vol. 14, issue 15, 1-18

Abstract: Reversible solid oxide cells (rSOC) enable the efficient cyclic conversion between electrical and chemical energy in the form of fuels and chemicals, thereby providing a pathway for long-term and high-capacity energy storage. Amongst the different fuels under investigation, hydrogen, methane, and ammonia have gained immense attention as carbon-neutral energy vectors. Here we have compared the energy efficiency and the energy demand of rSOC based on these three fuels. In the fuel cell mode of operation (energy generation), two different routes have been considered for both methane and ammonia; Routes 1 and 2 involve internal reforming (in the case of methane) or cracking (in the case of ammonia) and external reforming or cracking, respectively. The use of hydrogen as fuel provides the highest round-trip efficiency (62.1%) followed by methane by Route 1 (43.4%), ammonia by Route 2 (41.1%), methane by Route 2 (40.4%), and ammonia by Route 1 (39.2%). The lower efficiency of internal ammonia cracking as opposed to its external counterpart can be attributed to the insufficient catalytic activity and stability of the state-of-the-art fuel electrode materials, which is a major hindrance to the scale-up of this technology. A preliminary cost estimate showed that the price of hydrogen, methane and ammonia produced in SOEC mode would be ~1.91, 3.63, and 0.48 $/kg, respectively. In SOFC mode, the cost of electricity generation using hydrogen, internally reformed methane, and internally cracked ammonia would be ~52.34, 46.30, and 47.11 $/MWh, respectively.

Keywords: renewable energy; reversible solid oxide cell; power-to-X; round-trip energy efficiency (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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