Analysis of the Physicochemical Characteristics of Biochar Obtained by Slow Pyrolysis of Nut Shells in a Nitrogen Atmosphere

Alexander Gorshkov, Nikolay Berezikov, Albert Kaltaev, Stanislav Yankovsky, Konstantin Slyusarsky, Roman Tabakaev and Kirill Larionov
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Alexander Gorshkov: Laboratory of Catalysis and Conversion of Carbonaceous Materials to Obtain Useful Products, Gorbachev Kuzbass State Technical University, 650000 Kemerovo, Russia
Nikolay Berezikov: Laboratory of Catalysis and Conversion of Carbonaceous Materials to Obtain Useful Products, Gorbachev Kuzbass State Technical University, 650000 Kemerovo, Russia
Albert Kaltaev: School of Energy & Power Engineering, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
Stanislav Yankovsky: Laboratory of Catalysis and Conversion of Carbonaceous Materials to Obtain Useful Products, Gorbachev Kuzbass State Technical University, 650000 Kemerovo, Russia
Konstantin Slyusarsky: Laboratory of Catalysis and Conversion of Carbonaceous Materials to Obtain Useful Products, Gorbachev Kuzbass State Technical University, 650000 Kemerovo, Russia
Roman Tabakaev: School of Energy & Power Engineering, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
Kirill Larionov: Laboratory of Catalysis and Conversion of Carbonaceous Materials to Obtain Useful Products, Gorbachev Kuzbass State Technical University, 650000 Kemerovo, Russia

Energies, 2021, vol. 14, issue 23, 1-18

Abstract: The process of slow pyrolysis of seven nut shell samples, in a nitrogen-purged atmosphere, has been studied, as well as characteristics of biochar obtained. The heat carrier with a temperature of 400–600 °C (with a step of 100 °C) was supplied indirectly using a double-walled reactor. The heating rate was 60 °C/min. At increased temperature of the heating medium, a decrease in the amount of the resulting carbon residue averaged 6.2 wt%. The release of non-condensable combustible gas-phase compounds CO, CH 4 , and H 2 , with maximum concentrations of 12.7, 14.0, and 0.7 vol%, respectively, was registered. The features of the obtained biochar sample conversions were studied using thermal analysis in inert (nitrogen) and oxidative (air) mediums at 10 °C/min heating rate. Kinetic analysis was performed using Coats–Redfern method. Thermal analysis showed that the main weight loss (Δm = 32.8–43.0 wt%) occurs at temperatures ranging between 290 °C and 400 °C, which is due to cellulose decomposition. The maximum carbon content and, hence, heat value were obtained for biochars made from macadamia nut and walnut shells. An increased degree of coalification of the biochar samples affected their reactivity and, in particular, caused an increase in the initial temperature of intense oxidation (on average, by 73 °C). While technical and elemental composition of nut shell samples studied were quite similar, the morphology of obtained biochar was different. The morphology of particles was also observed to change as the heating medium temperature increased, which was expressed in the increased inhomogeneity of particle surface. The activation energy values, for biochar conversion in an inert medium, were found to vary in the range of 10–35 kJ/mol and, in an oxidative medium—50–80 kJ/mol. According to literature data, these values were characteristic for lignin fibers decomposition and oxidation, respectively.

Keywords: nut shell; pyrolysis; biochar; heating medium temperature; gas-phase products; heat of combustion; elemental composition (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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