Examining the Linkages among Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Electricity Production and Economic Growth in Different Income Levels

George Halkos and Eleni-Christina Gkampoura
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Eleni-Christina Gkampoura: Department of Economics, University of Thessaly, 38333 Volos, Greece

Energies, 2021, vol. 14, issue 6, 1-24

Abstract: Our industrialized world highly depends on fossil fuels to cover its energy needs. Although fossil fuels have been linked with economic growth, their use has also been found to have severe impacts on the environment. The linkages among carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption and economic growth have been extensively examined in the current literature. The present study focuses on electricity production from fossil fuels, as well as from renewable sources and examines their linkages with CO 2 emissions and economic growth in 119 world countries of different income levels, by assessing Granger causality. In addition, the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is tested, in order to evaluate whether economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions are linked with an inverse U-shaped relationship and with an N-shape relationship in higher income levels. The EKC hypothesis is confirmed for high income and upper-middle income countries, but not for lower-middle and low income levels and a bidirectional Granger causality is found between GDP per capita and CO 2 per capita in all income levels.

Keywords: CO 2 emissions; electricity production; Environmental Kuznets Curve; fossil fuels; renewables; economic growth; income levels (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (9)

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