Zero-Carbon and Carbon-Neutral Fuels: A Review of Combustion Products and Cytotoxicity

Chao Jin, Xiaodan Li, Teng Xu, Juntong Dong, Zhenlong Geng, Jia Liu, Chenyun Ding, Jingjing Hu, Ahmed El Alaoui, Qing Zhao () and Haifeng Liu ()
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Chao Jin: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Xiaodan Li: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Teng Xu: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Juntong Dong: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Zhenlong Geng: State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Jia Liu: Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
Chenyun Ding: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Jingjing Hu: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Ahmed El Alaoui: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
Qing Zhao: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201632, China
Haifeng Liu: State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China

Energies, 2023, vol. 16, issue 18, 1-29

Abstract: The use of zero-carbon and carbon-neutral fuels reduces emissions of conventional pollutants, but their emissions can be toxic and have various adverse effects on human health. This article reviews the possible combustion products of zero-carbon and carbon-neutral fuels, as well as their cytotoxic effects and potential health risks. At the same time, the review outlines biological models and toxicity detection methods commonly used in pollutant toxicity studies. Metals, nitrogen oxides (NO X ), and ammonia (NH 3 ) emitted from the combustion of metal fuels, hydrogen fuels, and ammonia fuels in zero-carbon fuels are harmful to human health. Exhaust emissions from carbon-neutral fuels, particularly biodiesel, and their blends with gasoline/diesel are cytotoxic, leading to severe cellular damage, such as oxidative damage, inflammatory responses, DNA damage, cell death, or apoptosis. Moreover, the normal function of the human body’s respiratory, cardiovascular, immune, digestive, urinary, and nervous systems may also be impacted by these fuel emissions according to cytotoxic research. Cytotoxicity of fuel combustion products is usually related to the fuel type, time, dose, and cell line used in the experiment. This review provides some ideas for the exhaust emission management of zero-carbon and carbon-neutral fuels and human health assessment. It also presents a theoretical and experimental basis for further research, including in vivo experiments.

Keywords: zero-carbon fuel; carbon-neutral fuel; combustion products; cytotoxicity; human health (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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