Battery Swapping Station Pricing Optimization Considering Market Clearing and Electric Vehicles’ Driving Demand

Xuewen Geng, Fengbin An, Chengmin Wang () and Xi He ()
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Xuewen Geng: China Power International Development Limited, Hong Kong 999077, China
Fengbin An: Department of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201100, China
Chengmin Wang: Department of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201100, China
Xi He: China Power International Development Limited, Hong Kong 999077, China

Energies, 2023, vol. 16, issue 8, 1-14

Abstract: With the development of the new energy vehicle market, the pricing of battery swapping stations (BSS) is becoming a concern. The pricing models of BSS usually only consider the interaction between the distribution system operator (DSO) and the BSS or between the BSS and electric vehicles (EVs). The impact of DSO and EVs on the pricing strategy of BSS has received less attention, which does not reflect the actual complex situation. Therefore, we propose a three-level BSS pricing method that includes market clearing and EV behaviors. Firstly, the distribution locational marginal price (DLMP) is modeled to determine the impact of the DSO on BSS. Secondly, the EV demand response is used to estimate the impact of EVs on BSS. Thirdly, to increase the adaptability of this model, an iteration algorithm with approximations and relaxations is used with mixed integer linear programming, effectively solving the pricing optimization. According to this optimization, it is evident that the BSS make decisions in the market environment by monitoring the quantity of batteries in various states and generate extra income by acting in response to price fluctuations in the electricity market. The model’s viability and applicability are confirmed.

Keywords: battery swapping station; DLMP; driving demand; iteration method (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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