Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Consumption of Coastal Ecosystem Enhancement Programme through Sustainable Artificial Reefs in Galicia

Luis Carral, Juan José Cartelle Barros, Humberto Carro Fidalgo, Carolina Camba Fabal and Alicia Munín Doce
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Luis Carral: Escola Politécnica Superior, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain
Juan José Cartelle Barros: Escola Politécnica Superior, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain
Humberto Carro Fidalgo: Escola Técnica Superior de Enxeñaría de Camiños, Canais e Portos, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
Carolina Camba Fabal: Escola Politécnica Superior, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain
Alicia Munín Doce: Escola Politécnica Superior, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain

IJERPH, 2021, vol. 18, issue 4, 1-19

Abstract: The principle of sustainability should condition a project in which artificial reefs are being installed to protect biodiversity as well as enhance costal ecosystems. In particular, this principle should be taken into account in the logistical processes related to manufacture and transport. This study assesses the global warming potential ( GWP ) and cumulative energy demand ( CED ) of developing a coastal ecosystem enhancement programme in the estuary region of Galicia, north-western Spain. The focus is on the processes involved in creating green artificial reefs (GARs): manufacture, transport and installation. The starting point is the supply chain for the green artificial reef ( GAR ) units; greenhouse gas emissions ( GHG ) and energy needs for each phase are analysed. Various scenarios are considered to determine which options are indeed available when it comes to establishing the supply chain. Different types of energy supplies, different options for the location of production centres, as well as different means of transport were studied. Results reveal the critical phases for selecting how the GAR units must be produced, transported by road and sea and then installed in their permanent location.

Keywords: artificial reefs; ecosystem enhancement; global warming potential; cumulative energy demand; supply chain (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I I1 I3 Q Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
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