Monitoring of Land Use–Land Cover Change and Potential Causal Factors of Climate Change in Jhelum District, Punjab, Pakistan, through GIS and Multi-Temporal Satellite Data

Muhammad Majeed, Aqil Tariq, Muhammad Mushahid Anwar, Arshad Mahmood Khan, Fahim Arshad, Faisal Mumtaz, Muhammad Farhan, Lili Zhang, Aroosa Zafar, Marjan Aziz, Sanaullah Abbasi, Ghani Rahman, Sajjad Hussain, Muhammad Waheed, Kaniz Fatima and Shadab Shaukat
Additional contact information
Muhammad Majeed: Department of Botany, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat 50700, Punjab, Pakistan
Aqil Tariq: State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
Muhammad Mushahid Anwar: Department of Geography, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat 50700, Punjab, Pakistan
Arshad Mahmood Khan: Department of Botany, Govt. Hashmat Ali Islamia Associate College Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46300, Punjab, Pakistan
Fahim Arshad: Department of Botany, University of Okara, Okara 56300, Punjab, Pakistan
Faisal Mumtaz: Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Muhammad Farhan: School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
Lili Zhang: Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Aroosa Zafar: Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
Marjan Aziz: Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Chakwal 48650, Punjab, Pakistan
Sanaullah Abbasi: Department of Biochemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur 66020, Sindh, Pakistan
Ghani Rahman: Department of Geography, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat 50700, Punjab, Pakistan
Sajjad Hussain: Department of Environmental Science, Comsats University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari 61100, Punjab, Pakistan
Muhammad Waheed: Department of Botany, University of Okara, Okara 56300, Punjab, Pakistan
Kaniz Fatima: Department of Botany, University of Okara, Okara 56300, Punjab, Pakistan
Shadab Shaukat: Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan

Land, 2021, vol. 10, issue 10, 1-17

Abstract: Land use–land cover (LULC) alteration is primarily associated with land degradation, especially in recent decades, and has resulted in various harmful changes in the landscape. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) has the prospective capacity to classify the vegetative characteristics of many ecological areas and has proven itself useful as a remote sensing (RS) tool in recording vegetative phenological aspects. Likewise, the normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) is used for quoting built-up areas. The current research objectives include identification of LULC, NDVI, and NDBI changes in Jhelum District, Punjab, Pakistan, during the last 30 years (1990–2020). This study targeted five major LULC classes: water channels, built-up area, barren land, forest, and cultivated land. Satellite imagery classification tools were used to identify LULC changes in Jhelum District, northern Punjab, Pakistan. The perception data about the environmental variations as conveyed by the 500 participants (mainly farmers) were also recorded and analyzed. The results depict that the majority of farmers (54%) believe in the appearance of more drastic changes such as less rainfall, drought, and decreased water availability for irrigation during 2020 compared to 30 years prior. Overall accuracy assessment of imagery classification was 83.2% and 88.8% for 1990, 88.1% and 85.7% for 2000, 86.5% and 86.7% for 2010, and 85.6% and 87.3% for 2020. The NDVI for Jhelum District was the highest in 1990 at +0.86 and the lowest in 2020 at +0.32; similarly, NDBI values were the highest in 2020 at +0.72 and the lowest in 1990 at −0.36. LULC change showed a clear association with temperature, NDBI, and NDVI in the study area. At the same time, variations in the land area of barren soil, vegetation, and built-up from 1990 to 2020 were quite prominent, possibly resulting in temperature increases, reduction in water for irrigation, and changing rainfall patterns. Farmers were found to be quite responsive to such climatic variations, diverting to framing possible mitigation approaches, but they need government assistance. The findings of this study, especially the causes and impacts of rapid LULC variations in the study area, need immediate attention from related government departments and policy makers.

Keywords: farmers’ perception; NDVI; climate change; remote sensing; GIS; NDBI (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q2 Q24 Q28 Q5 R14 R52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2021
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (7)

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