Limits of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in Malaysia: Dam Politics, Rent-Seeking, and Conflict

Peter Ho, Bin Md Saman Nor-Hisham and Heng Zhao
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Peter Ho: Zijingang Campus, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
Bin Md Saman Nor-Hisham: Department of Town and Regional Planning, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Cawangan Perak 32610, Malaysia
Heng Zhao: Zijingang Campus, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

Sustainability, 2020, vol. 12, issue 24, 1-16

Abstract: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is often portrayed as a policy measure that can mitigate the environmental influence of corporate and government projects through objective, systematic, and value-free assessment. Simultaneously, however, research has also shown that the larger political context in which the EIA is embedded is crucial in determining its influence on decision-making. Moreover, particularly in the case of mega-projects, vested economic interests, rent-seeking, and politics may provide them with a momentum in which the EIA risks becoming a mere formality. To substantiate this point, the article examines the EIA of what is reportedly Asia’s largest dam outside China: the Bakun Hydro-electric Project (BHP) in Malaysia. The study is based on mixed methods, particularly, qualitative research (semi-structured interviews, participatory observation, and archival study) coupled to a survey conducted in 10 resource-poor, indigenous communities in the resettlement area. It is found that close to 90% of the respondents are dissatisfied with their participation in the EIA, while another 80% stated that the authorities had conducted the EIA without complying to the procedures. The findings do not only shed light on the manner in which the EIA was used to legitimize a project that should ultimately have been halted, but are also testimony to the way that the BHP has disenfranchised the rights of indigenous people to meaningfully participate in the EIA.

Keywords: environmental and social impact assessment; dam and mega-projects; forced displacement and resettlement; land eviction and expropriation; Borneo and Orang Ulu; first nations and ethnic minorities (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2020
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