Environmental Impact Assessment of a Dumping Site: A Case Study of Kakia Dumping Site

Faisal A. Osra (), Moussa Sobh Elbisy, Hasan Abdullah Mosaıbah, Khalid Osra, Mirac Nur Ciner and H. Kurtulus Ozcan
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Faisal A. Osra: Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
Moussa Sobh Elbisy: Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
Hasan Abdullah Mosaıbah: Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
Khalid Osra: Transportation and Traffic Engineering Department, The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
Mirac Nur Ciner: Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul 34320, Turkey
H. Kurtulus Ozcan: Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul 34320, Turkey

Sustainability, 2024, vol. 16, issue 10, 1-21

Abstract: Open dumping threatens the environment and public health by causing soil, water, and air pollution and precipitating the deterioration of the environmental balance. Therefore, sustainable waste management practices and compliance with environmental regulations are important to minimize these negative impacts. In this context, it is very important to identify the environmental damage inflicted by open dumping areas and to take measures to prevent this damage. Makkah is among the cities that still use open dumping for solid waste disposal. The rapid increase in this city’s population is generating large quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW), making it difficult to manage waste economically without harming the environment or public health. During Umrah and Hajj, the rate of MSW generation increases to an even greater degree. The sustainable management of MSW in holy cities is of great importance. This study aimed to investigate the environmental impact of the Kakia Open Dumping Site in Makkah on air quality, soil, and nearby groundwater wells. It also conducted analyses of essential elements (Ca, Mg, and Na), heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Cr), and a metalloid (As) in leachate produced at the Kakia Open Dumpsite, enabling the development of management strategies. In addition, the correlations between the essential elements, the metalloid, and the heavy metals were also analyzed. The goal is not only to mitigate the negative effects of open dumping, but also to highlight the need to adopt sustainable management strategies for MSW in religiously significant cities like Makkah.

Keywords: municipal solid waste management; Kakia Dumping Site; heavy metals; essential elements; environmental pollution (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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