Towards Carbon Neutrality: Machine Learning Analysis of Vehicle Emissions in Canada

Xiaoxu Guo, Ruibing Kou and Xiang He ()
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Xiaoxu Guo: Queen’s Business School, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5EE, UK
Ruibing Kou: School of Design and Art, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
Xiang He: School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK

Sustainability, 2024, vol. 16, issue 23, 1-18

Abstract: The transportation sector is a major contributor to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions in Canada, making the accurate forecasting of CO 2 emissions critical as part of the global push toward carbon neutrality. This study employs interpretable machine learning techniques to predict vehicle CO 2 emissions in Canada from 1995 to 2022. Algorithms including K-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Regression, Gradient Boosting Machine, Decision Tree, Random Forest, and Lasso Regression were utilized. The Gradient Boosting Machine delivered the best performance, achieving the highest R-squared value (0.9973) and the lowest Root Mean Squared Error (3.3633). To enhance the model interpretability, the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and Accumulated Local Effects methods were used to identify key contributing factors, including fuel consumption (city/highway), ethanol (E85), and diesel. These findings provide critical insights for policymakers, underscoring the need for promoting renewable energy, tightening fuel emission standards, and decoupling carbon emissions from economic growth to foster sustainable development. This study contributes to broader discussions on achieving carbon neutrality and the necessary transformations within the transportation sector.

Keywords: the transportation sector; vehicle CO 2 emissions; fuel consumption; sustainable development; interpretable machine learning (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2024
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