The Emergence of Three Human Development Clubs

Sebastian Vollmer, Hajo Holzmann (), Florian Ketterer (), Stephan Klasen and David Canning
Additional contact information
Hajo Holzmann: University of Marburg
Florian Ketterer: University of Marburg

PGDA Working Papers from Program on the Global Demography of Aging

Abstract: We examine the joint distribution of levels of income per capita, life expectancy, and years of schooling across countries in 1960 and in 2000. In 1960 countries were clustered in two groups; a rich, highly educated, high longevity “developed” group and a poor, less educated, high mortality, “underdeveloped” group. By 2000 however we see the emergence of three groups; one underdeveloped group remaining near 1960 levels, a developed group with higher levels of education, income, and health than in 1960, and an intermediate group lying between these two. This finding is consistent with both the ideas of a new “middle income trap” that countries face even if they escape the “low income trap”, as well as the notion that countries which escaped the poverty trap form a temporary “transition regime” along their path to the “developed” group.

Keywords: income per capita; life expectancy; schooling; income trap (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2013-03
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-dem, nep-dev, nep-his and nep-ltv
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Journal Article: The Emergence of Three Human Development Clubs (2013)
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