Gender and Culture

Paola Giuliano

No 13607, IZA Discussion Papers from Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)

Abstract: This paper reviews the literature on gender and culture. Gender gaps in various outcomes (competitiveness, labor force participation, and performance in mathematics, amongst many others) show remarkable differences across countries and tend to persist over time. The economics literature initially explained these differences by looking at standard economic variables such as the level of development, women's education, the expansion of the service sector, and discrimination. More recent literature has argued that gender differences in a variety of outcomes could reflect underlying cultural values and beliefs. This article reviews the literature on the relevance of culture in the determination of different forms of gender gap. I examine how differences in historical situations could have been relevant in generating gender differences and the conditions under which gender norms tend to be stable or to change over time, emphasizing the role of social learning. Finally, I review the role of different forms of cultural transmission in shaping gender differences, distinguishing between channels of vertical transmission (the role of the family), horizontal transmission (the role of peers), and oblique transmission (the role of teachers or role models).

Keywords: social norms; culture; gender (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: A13 J16 Z1 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 26 pages
Date: 2020-08
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-cul, nep-evo, nep-gen, nep-gro, nep-hme, nep-lab, nep-ltv and nep-soc
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (20)

Published - publilshed in: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2020, 36 (4); 944–961

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Related works:
Working Paper: Gender and Culture (2020)
Working Paper: Gender and Culture (2020)
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