Total Work, Gender and Social Norms

Michael Burda, Daniel S. Hamermesh () and Philippe Weil
Additional contact information
Daniel S. Hamermesh: University of Texas at Austin

No 2705, IZA Discussion Papers from Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)

Abstract: Using time-diary data from 25 countries, we demonstrate that there is a negative relationship between real GDP per capita and the female-male difference in total work time per day – the sum of work for pay and work at home. In rich northern countries on four continents, including the United States, there is no difference – men and women do the same amount of total work. This latter fact has been presented before by several sociologists for a few rich countries; but our survey results show that labor economists, macroeconomists, the general public and sociologists are unaware of it and instead believe that women perform more total work. The facts do not arise from gender differences in the price of time (as measured by market wages), as women’s total work is further below men’s where their relative wages are lower. Additional tests using U.S. and German data show that they do not arise from differences in marital bargaining, as gender equality is not associated with marital status; nor do they stem from family norms, since most of the variance in the gender total work difference is due to within-couple differences. We offer a theory of social norms to explain the facts. The social-norm explanation is better able to account for within-education group and within-region gender differences in total work being smaller than inter-group differences. It is consistent with evidence using the World Values Surveys that female total work is relatively greater than men’s where both men and women believe that scarce jobs should be offered to men first.

Keywords: paid work; household production; gender differences; time use (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: D13 J16 J22 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 45 pages
Date: 2007-03
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-hrm, nep-lab, nep-ltv and nep-soc
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (72)

Published - published as 'Total Work and Gender: Facts and Possible Explanations' in: Journal of Population Economics, 2013, 26 (1), 239-261

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Related works:
Working Paper: Total Work, Gender and Social Norms (2007)
Working Paper: Total Work, Gender and Social Norms (2007)
Working Paper: Total Work, Gender and Social Norms (2007)
Working Paper: Total Work, Gender and Social Norms (2007)
Working Paper: Total Work, Gender and Social Norms (2007)
Working Paper: Total Work, Gender and Social Norms (2007)
Working Paper: Total work, gender and social norms (2007)
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