Historical changes in wind-driven ocean circulation drive pattern of Pacific warming

Shuo Fu, Shineng Hu (), Xiao-Tong Zheng (), Kay McMonigal, Sarah Larson and Yiqun Tian
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Shuo Fu: Ocean University of China
Shineng Hu: Duke University
Xiao-Tong Zheng: Ocean University of China
Kay McMonigal: North Carolina State University
Sarah Larson: North Carolina State University
Yiqun Tian: Duke University

Nature Communications, 2024, vol. 15, issue 1, 1-10

Abstract: Abstract The tropical Pacific warming pattern since the 1950s exhibits two warming centers in the western Pacific (WP) and eastern Pacific (EP), encompassing an equatorial central Pacific (CP) cooling and a hemispheric asymmetry in the subtropical EP. The underlying mechanisms of this warming pattern remain debated. Here, we conduct ocean heat decompositions of two coupled model large ensembles to unfold the role of wind-driven ocean circulation. When wind changes are suppressed, historical radiative forcing induces a subtropical northeastern Pacific warming, thus causing a hemispheric asymmetry that extends toward the tropical WP. The tropical EP warming is instead induced by the cross-equatorial winds associated with the hemispheric asymmetry, and its driving mechanism is southward warm Ekman advection due to the off-equatorial westerly wind anomalies around 5°N, not vertical thermocline adjustment. Climate models fail to capture the observed CP cooling, suggesting an urgent need to better simulate equatorial oceanic processes and thermal structures.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45677-2

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