All-silicon multidimensionally-encoded optical physical unclonable functions for integrated circuit anti-counterfeiting

Kun Wang, Jianwei Shi, Wenxuan Lai, Qiang He, Jun Xu, Zhenyi Ni (), Xinfeng Liu (), Xiaodong Pi () and Deren Yang ()
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Kun Wang: Zhejiang University
Jianwei Shi: National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
Wenxuan Lai: Zhejiang University
Qiang He: Zhejiang University
Jun Xu: Nanjing University
Zhenyi Ni: Zhejiang University
Xinfeng Liu: National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
Xiaodong Pi: Zhejiang University
Deren Yang: Zhejiang University

Nature Communications, 2024, vol. 15, issue 1, 1-11

Abstract: Abstract Integrated circuit anti-counterfeiting based on optical physical unclonable functions (PUFs) plays a crucial role in guaranteeing secure identification and authentication for Internet of Things (IoT) devices. While considerable efforts have been devoted to exploring optical PUFs, two critical challenges remain: incompatibility with the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology and limited information entropy. Here, we demonstrate all-silicon multidimensionally-encoded optical PUFs fabricated by integrating silicon (Si) metasurface and erbium-doped Si quantum dots (Er-Si QDs) with a CMOS-compatible procedure. Five in-situ optical responses have been manifested within a single pixel, rendering an ultrahigh information entropy of 2.32 bits/pixel. The position-dependent optical responses originate from the position-dependent radiation field and Purcell effect. Our evaluation highlights their potential in IoT security through advanced metrics like bit uniformity, similarity, intra- and inter-Hamming distance, false-acceptance and rejection rates, and encoding capacity. We finally demonstrate the implementation of efficient lightweight mutual authentication protocols for IoT applications by using the all-Si multidimensionally-encoded optical PUFs.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47479-y

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