Critical raw materials: from dependency to open strategic autonomy ?

K. Buysse and Dennis Essers
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K. Buysse: NBB

Economic Review, 2023, 1-35

Abstract: Europe needs increasing amounts of critical raw materials (CRMs) such as copper, cobalt, nickel, lithium, and rare earth elements to meet its climate and digital ambitions for 2030 and beyond. However, the EU remains highly dependent on a handful of suppliers for these and other resources, implying significant supply chain risks. Can the European Commission’s ambitious new CRM strategy deliver, and make EU access to these materials more secure?

Date: 2023
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