Implikasi Kebijakan Amerika Serikat dalam Penerapan Sistem Demokrasi di Myanmar Pasca Perang Dingin

Achmad Zulfikar, Diah Sulung Syafitri and Muhammad Abdul Aziz Putra Andistan

No 3nz7x, INA-Rxiv from Center for Open Science

Abstract: Kebebasan bagi masyarakat merupakan poin penting yang melatarbelakangi kehadiran nilai-nilai Demokrasi di tengah-tengah bangsa Amerika. Berdasarkan pengalaman kelam di masa lalu, bapak pendiri bangsa Amerika telah belajar bahwa pengekangan terhadap masyarakat oleh pemerintah tidak boleh dilakukan, sehingga nilai-nilai Demokrasi ini benar-benar anti pemaksaan. Kehadiran nilai-nilai Demokrasi di saat keringnya partisipasi politik di suatu negara seakan menjadi oase bagi rakyat di negara tersebut. Pandangan AS yang menjadikan demokrasi sebagai sarana menciptakan perdamaian sebagaimana pemikiran filsuf Jerman Immanuel Kant yang menyatakan bahwa dalam sebuah republik (negara hukum demokratis), dimana kebijakan politik setiap negara ditentukan menurut kehendak warga negara, dan bukan kehendak seorang diktator. Dalam pembahasan ini penulis memfokuskan pada salah satu negara di kawasan Asia Tenggara yang masih labil dalam penerapan demokrasi, yakni Myanmar. Dalam dinamika hubungan AS dan Myanmar, keluarnya AS dari Myanmar dikarenakan rezim militer otoriter pimpinan Ne Win menolak segala bentuk bantuan AS tahun 1963. Namun tahun 1990, angin segar demokrasi kembali berhembus ketika suatu kekuatan politik baru muncul yakni National League for Democracy (NLD) pimpinan Aung San Suu Kyi. Didorong oleh keinginan AS mendemokrasikan Myanmar, maka AS mendukung penuh perjuangan NLD yang menjadi kebijakan AS dalam penerapan demokrasi di Myanmar. Selanjutnya kebijakan AS menerapkan sanksi ekonomi atas Myanmar tahun 1997 berdasarkan keputusan kongres juga dijalankan dalam rangka menekan pemerintahan militer Myanmar agar mempercepat transisi menuju demokrasi. Dua kebijakan tersebut kemudian menimbulkan gejolak internal di Myanmar yang akhirnya mendesak pemerintahan militer untuk segera menerapkan sistem demokrasi. Berdasarkan hasil penelaahan kami terdapat tujuh implikasi yang bersumber dari internal maupun eksternal Myanmar. Adapun kebijakan AS dalam penerapan sistem demokrasi dinilai sukses, karena dua kebijakan AS memberikan dampak terhadap transisi demokrasi di Myanmar. --- Freedom for the community is an important point behind the presence of democratic values in the midst of the nation. Based on the past experience, the founding father of the American nation has learned that people restrictions by the government are not allowed, so the democratic values are really anti-coercion. The presence of democratic values in the absence of political participation in a country seems to be an oasis for the people of the country. The US view that makes democracy a means of creating peace as the German philosopher Immanuel Kant thinks that in a republic (a state of democratic law), where the policies of each state are determined according to the will of the citizens, and not the will of a dictator. In this discussion the author focuses on one of the countries in Southeast Asia are still unstable in the application of democracy, namely Myanmar. In the dynamics of US and Myanmar relations, the US exit from Myanmar due to the authoritarian military regime led Ne Win rejected all forms of US aid in 1963. But in 1990, the fresh air of democracy blew again when a new political force emerged namely the National League for Democracy (NLD) Aung San Suu Kyi. Encouraged by US desires to democratize Myanmar, the United States fully supports the NLD's struggle for US policy on democracy in Myanmar. Furthermore, the US policy of imposing economic sanctions on Myanmar in 1997 based on congressional decision is also implemented in order to suppress the military government of Myanmar in order to accelerate the transition to democracy. The two policies then led to internal turmoil in Myanmar which eventually urged the military government to immediately implement the democratic system. Based on our review there are seven implications that come from internal and external Myanmar. The US policy in the application of democratic system is considered successful, because the two US policies have an impact on democratic transition in Myanmar.

Date: 2017-12-05
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-sea
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:osf:inarxi:3nz7x

DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/3nz7x

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