Safe havens for Bitcoin and Ethereum: evidence from high-frequency data

Fahad Ali (), Muhammad Usman Khurram () and Ahmet Sensoy
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Fahad Ali: Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics
Muhammad Usman Khurram: Zhejiang University

Financial Innovation, 2025, vol. 11, issue 1, 1-34

Abstract: Abstract Investing in cryptocurrencies is progressively becoming a norm; however, these assets are excessively volatile and often decrease or increase in value instantly. Thus, rational investors holding cryptocurrencies for extended periods firmly search for assets that can diversify their risk, preferably with assets other than cryptocurrencies. In this study, we consider the two most studied cryptocurrencies with the highest capitalization and trading volume/value, namely Bitcoin and Ethereum. Specifically, we examine whether high-performing leading US tech stocks (Facebook, Amazon, Apple, Netflix, Google [FAANG]) can provide any diversification benefits to cryptocurrency investors. To do so, we employ dynamic conditional correlation (DCC), asymmetric DCC, time-varying parameter vector autoregression-based connectedness measures, dynamic correlation-based hedge and safe-haven regression analyses, portfolio optimization and hedging strategies, time- and frequency-based wavelet coherence, and high-frequency 10-min intraday data from January 1, 2018 to January 31, 2023. We find that FAANG stocks can be considered (at least weak) safe havens for Bitcoin and Ethereum during the sample period. Our subperiod analyses reveal that the safe-haven role of FAANG stocks, specifically for Bitcoin, has noticeably increased. While the safe-haven property of Facebook is the most promising, for Netflix it is blurred between a weak–safe-haven and a hedge. Our findings may help investors, policymakers, and academicians to invest in cryptocurrencies, formulate relevant investment guidelines, and extend the literature on cryptocurrencies, respectively.

Keywords: Cryptocurrency; FAANG stocks; High frequency data; Safe haven; COVID-19; Russia–Ukraine War; TVP–VAR; Diversification; Portfolio optimization (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C22 C58 G10 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1186/s40854-024-00686-4

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