Gender Bias and Intergenerational Educational Mobility: Theory and Evidence from China and India

M. Shahe Emran, Hanchen Jiang and Forhad Shilpi

No 497, GLO Discussion Paper Series from Global Labor Organization (GLO)

Abstract: We incorporate gender bias against girls in the family, the school and the labor market in a model of intergenerational persistence in schooling where parents self-finance children's education because of credit market imperfections. Parents may underestimate a girl's ability, expect lower returns, and assign lower weights to their welfare ("pure son preference"). The model delivers the widely-used linear conditional expectation function (CEF) under constant returns and separability, but generates an irrelevance result: parental bias does not affect relative mobility. With diminishing returns and complementarity, the CEF can be concave or convex, and parental bias affects both relative and absolute mobility. We test these predictions in India and China using data not subject to coresidency bias. The evidence rejects the linear CEF, both in rural and urban India, in favor of a concave relation. The girls face lower mobility irrespective of location in India when born to fathers with low schooling, but the gender gap closes when the father is college educated. In China, the CEF is convex for sons in urban areas, but linear in all other cases. The convexity supports the complementarity hypothesis of Becker et al. (2018) for the urban sons, and leads to gender divergence in relative mobility for the children of highly educated fathers. In urban China, and urban and rural India, the mechanisms are underestimation of ability of girls and unfavorable school environment. There is some evidence of pure son preference in rural India. The girls in rural China do not face bias in financial investment by parents, but they still face lower mobility when born to uneducated parents. Gender barriers in rural schools seem to be the primary mechanism, with no convincing evidence of parental bias.

Keywords: Gender Bias; Intergenerational Mobility; Education; Becker-Tomes Model; Complementarity; Son Preference; India; China; Coresidency Bias (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I24 J16 J62 O20 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2020
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-cna, nep-edu and nep-gen
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations: View citations in EconPapers (13)

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Related works:
Working Paper: Gender Bias and Intergenerational Educational Mobility: Theory and Evidence from China and India (2020)
Working Paper: Gender Bias and Intergenerational Educational Mobility: Theory and Evidence from China and India (2020)
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:zbw:glodps:497

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