A study on freezing technology for the safe storage and transportation of spent lithium-ion batteries

Yong-Ho Yeo () and Jei-Pil Wang ()

International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 2025, vol. 8, issue 9, 292-299

Abstract: This study investigates cryogenic freezing as a safety measure for end-of-life (EOL) lithium-ion batteries during storage and transportation. We consider immersion and indirect heat-exchange architectures compatible with liquid nitrogen (LN₂) or liquefied air (LA), and evaluate pre-/post-freezing changes in module-level properties. Electrical diagnostics focus on early degradation indicators—charge/discharge capacity, direct-current internal resistance (DCIR), and insulation resistance—measured under matched protocols before and after freezing. Under the tested protocol (−50 °C, ≥24 h soak, controlled ramp, electrical isolation, gradual rewarming), no macroscopic mechanical damage was observed, and the module retained its electrochemical performance: discharge capacity remained essentially unchanged, DCIR showed no measurable increase, and insulation resistance stayed ≥ 500 MΩ. These results indicate that short-term low-temperature storage can be implemented without compromising subsequent electrical behavior, supporting the feasibility of cryogenic strategies as a risk-mitigation approach for EOL battery logistics. The findings provide baseline data for future module/pack-scale demonstrations, repeated freeze–thaw durability assessments, and comparative studies using LN₂- or LA-based cooling systems.

Keywords: Capacity retention; Cryogenic freezing; DC internal resistance (DCIR); End-of-life battery; Immersion vs. indirect heat exchange; Insulation resistance; Logistics safety. (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:aac:ijirss:v:8:y:2025:i:9:p:292-299:id:10683

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