Trends in State and Local Pension Funds

Oliver Giesecke and Joshua Rauh ()
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Oliver Giesecke: Hoover Institution, Stanford, California, USA
Joshua Rauh: Department of Finance, Stanford Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

Annual Review of Financial Economics, 2023, vol. 15, issue 1, 221-238

Abstract: Unfunded public pension obligations represent the largest liability for state and local governments in the United States. As of fiscal year 2021, the total reported unfunded liabilities of these plans are $1.076 trillion. In contrast, the market value of the unfunded liability is approximately $6.501 trillion. As a result, the reported funding ratio of 82.5% falls to 43.8% under a market-based valuation. The market values reflect the fact that accrued pension promises are a form of government debt with strong statutory and contractual rights. The assumed discount rates are based on expected returns and remain elevated relative to risk-free rates, despite a decline since 2014. As a result, not only is the unfunded pension liability understated, but the yearly pension cost for newly accruing liabilities is also understated. In order to achieve high returns, pension funds have accumulated large exposure to risky assets, in particular alternative investments, which results in highly uncertain investment returns.

Keywords: public pensions; state government; local government; retirement policies; pension cost; government debt (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: H55 H75 J26 J45 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
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DOI: 10.1146/annurev-financial-110921-022054

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