FINANCIAL INCENTIVES AND PAYMENT CHOICE: EVIDENCE FROM A PENSIONER CASHBACK PROGRAM

Naneh Hovanessian (), Elen Khanikiryan (), Gevorg Minasyan () and Hovhannes Khachatryan ()
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Naneh Hovanessian: Central Bank of Armenia
Elen Khanikiryan: Central Bank of Armenia
Gevorg Minasyan: Central Bank of Armenia
Hovhannes Khachatryan: Central Bank of Armenia

No WP-2026-02, Working Papers from Central Bank of Armenia

Abstract: This paper evaluates the impact of a large-scale government cashback program on non-cash payment adoption among pensioners in Armenia, a population traditionally reliant on cash. Using comprehensive administrative data covering all bank accounts of pension beneficiaries, we exploit the staggered rollout of the program across banks to identify causal effects on payment behavior. We document three main findings. First, financial incentives generate a substantial increase in noncash transactions, with effects reaching approximately 21 percentage points for transaction value and 24 percentage points for transaction counts after 18 months. Second, we find no evidence of broad-based digital payment adoption: the increase in non-cash payments is concentrated on the incentivized pension card and is partly offset by reduced use of other cards, suggesting substitution across payment instruments rather than a general increase in digital payment activity. Third, leveraging the removal of cashback eligibility for utility payments, we show that the effects are only partially persistent. Utility payments through pension cards decline sharply once incentives are withdrawn, with limited reallocation to other cards, indicating that a significant share of the observed behavior reflects strategic responses rather than durable habit formation. Overall, the results suggest that while financial incentives are effective in inducing short-run behavioral change, their ability to generate lasting shifts remains limited.

Keywords: Cashback Program; Pensioners; Payment Behavior; Habit Formation; Substitution Effect (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C23 D12 D91 E42 G20 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 25 pages
Date: 2026-06
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-pay
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